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Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Solutions for Uganda’s Displacement Camps: A Review

Received: 31 March 2021     Accepted: 19 April 2021     Published: 29 April 2021
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Abstract

The launching of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has continually advanced the sustainability paradigm across all corners of the globe. While this has led to the fruition of inherent country policies and plans for Uganda, the country is still trailing below the desired rate of attaining SDGs by 2030. The commencement of this decade of action and the proliferating intensity of the current unprecedented health crisis have thus called for heightened emphasis on inclusive sustainable development for the most disproportionately disadvantaged populations of which refugees form part. The pandemic has forced key stakeholders to shift their focus by re-allocating their scarce resources from disadvantaged communities such as refugee camps, thereby exposing them to severe and unacceptable vulnerability. Coupled to this COVID-19 pandemic is the prevalent energy crisis in displacement camps which shall have far-reaching disruptions. Increased energy access in refugee settlements shall help advance the modest progress made so far. This paper therefore highlights the most promising Waste-to-Energy (WtE) options for displacement camps in the Ugandan context which are evaluated based on a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) matrix upon which deductions of anaerobic digestion and briquettes respectively serve as the best ranked options respectively for more inclusive social economic development in these settings.

Published in International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (Volume 10, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11
Page(s) 32-39
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Inclusive Sustainable Development, Refugees, Renewable Energy, Uganda, Waste to Energy

References
[1] UN, (2020). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020, United Nations, New York.
[2] A. Ntale, (2019). Progress on Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth in Uganda (2019), Akina Mama wa Afrika, Hivos.
[3] NPA, (2015). National Development Plan II, 2015/16 – 2019/20, National Planning Authority.
[4] K. Urama, N. Ozor, E. Acheampong, (2014). Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Through Transformative Governance Practices and Vertical Alignment at the National and Subnational Levels in Africa, SDplanNet – Africa Secretariat.
[5] NPA, (2020). Third National Development Plan (NDPIII) 2020/21 – 2024/25, National Planning Authority. Government of Uganda.
[6] OPM, (2020). The Second Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Office of the Prime Minister. Republic of Uganda.
[7] UNHCR, (2019). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva.
[8] UNHCR, (2021). Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal as of 1 March 2021, Geneva: UNHCR.
[9] H. Bohnet, S.-P. Clara, (2019). Uganda: A Role Model for Refugee Integration?, (BICC Working Paper, 2/2019). Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC).
[10] UNHCR, (2020). Revised Uganda Country Refugee Response Plan, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva.
[11] UNHCR, (2021). Refugees and Asylum-Seekers in Uganda as of 25 February 2021.
[12] UNHCR, (2018). Two Year Progress Assessment of the CRRF Approach, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva. Switzerland.
[13] UNHCR, (2019). Global Strategy for Sustainable Energy, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Switzerland.
[14] A. Atamanov, N. Yoshida, T. Beltramo, R. Rivera, I. Sarr, P. Waita, K. Yoshimura, (2021). Monitoring Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Refugees in Uganda: Results from the High-Frequency Phone Survey, World Bank, UNHCR and UBOS.
[15] UNHCR, (2020). Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal as of 29 February 2020, Geneva: UNHCR.
[16] URN, (2020). South Sudan Refugees Enter Uganda despite Border Closure - Daily Monitor. Retrieved on 2 April, 2020.
[17] MWE, (2019). Water and Environment Sector Response Plan for Refugees and Host Communities in Uganda, Ministry of Water and Environment. Uganda.
[18] UNHCR, (2016). Safe Access to Fuels and Energy Strategy, 2016-2020., United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Uganda.
[19] UNEP ISWA, (2015). Global Waste Management Outlook, United Nations Environment Programme, International Solid Waste Association.
[20] R. L. Miller, M. A. Ulfstjerne, (2020). Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 63, 1–10.
[21] MoH, (2019). Health Sector Integrated Refugee Responce Plan 2019-2024, Ministry of Health. Government of Uganda.
[22] N. Crawford, S. O. Callaghan, K. Holloway, C. Lowe, (2019). The Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework: Progress in Uganda, Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute.
[23] UNEP OCHA JEU, (2019). Bidibidi Refugee Settlement: Environmental Scoping Report and Recommendations, United Nations Environment Program, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs & Joint Environment Unit.
[24] A. Vogelsang, (2017). Local Communities’ Receptiveness to Host Refugees: A Case Study of Adjumani District in Times of a South Sudanese Refugee Emergency, M. Arts Thesis, Utrecht University.
[25] IRENA, (2019). Renewables for Refugee Settlements: Sustainable Energy Access in Humanitarian Situations, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
[26] UNHCR, (2015). WASH Manual: Solid Waste Management, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva.
[27] M. Al-addous, M. N. Saidan, M. Bdour, M. Alnaief, (2018). Energies 12, 1–11.
[28] UNHCR, (2018). Bambasi Refugee Camp, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Ethiopia.
[29] J. Eyrard, A. Girard, K. Alome, (2015). 38th WEDC Int. Conf. Loughbrgh. Univ. UK, pp. 1–5.
[30] H. I. Abdel-shafy, M. S. M. Mansour, (2018). Egypt. J. Pet. 27, 1275–1290.
[31] D. Hakspiel, A. Foote, J. Parker, (2018). Container-Based Toilets with Solid Fuel Briquettes as a Reuse Product: Best Practice Guidelines for Refugee Camps, UNHCR, Sanivation and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
[32] D. Mutz, D. Hengevoss, C. Hugi, T. Gross, (2017). Waste-to-Energy Options in ­ Municipal Solid Waste Management, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
[33] DCLG, (2009). Multi-Criteria Analysis: A Manual, Department for Communities and Local Government: London.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Reuben Gad Mugagga, Hope Baxter Chamdimba. (2021). Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Solutions for Uganda’s Displacement Camps: A Review. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 10(2), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11

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    ACS Style

    Reuben Gad Mugagga; Hope Baxter Chamdimba. Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Solutions for Uganda’s Displacement Camps: A Review. Int. J. Sustain. Green Energy 2021, 10(2), 32-39. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11

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    AMA Style

    Reuben Gad Mugagga, Hope Baxter Chamdimba. Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Solutions for Uganda’s Displacement Camps: A Review. Int J Sustain Green Energy. 2021;10(2):32-39. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11,
      author = {Reuben Gad Mugagga and Hope Baxter Chamdimba},
      title = {Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Solutions for Uganda’s Displacement Camps: A Review},
      journal = {International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy},
      volume = {10},
      number = {2},
      pages = {32-39},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211002.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijrse.20211002.11},
      abstract = {The launching of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has continually advanced the sustainability paradigm across all corners of the globe. While this has led to the fruition of inherent country policies and plans for Uganda, the country is still trailing below the desired rate of attaining SDGs by 2030. The commencement of this decade of action and the proliferating intensity of the current unprecedented health crisis have thus called for heightened emphasis on inclusive sustainable development for the most disproportionately disadvantaged populations of which refugees form part. The pandemic has forced key stakeholders to shift their focus by re-allocating their scarce resources from disadvantaged communities such as refugee camps, thereby exposing them to severe and unacceptable vulnerability. Coupled to this COVID-19 pandemic is the prevalent energy crisis in displacement camps which shall have far-reaching disruptions. Increased energy access in refugee settlements shall help advance the modest progress made so far. This paper therefore highlights the most promising Waste-to-Energy (WtE) options for displacement camps in the Ugandan context which are evaluated based on a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) matrix upon which deductions of anaerobic digestion and briquettes respectively serve as the best ranked options respectively for more inclusive social economic development in these settings.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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    AU  - Reuben Gad Mugagga
    AU  - Hope Baxter Chamdimba
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    T2  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
    JF  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
    JO  - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy
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    AB  - The launching of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has continually advanced the sustainability paradigm across all corners of the globe. While this has led to the fruition of inherent country policies and plans for Uganda, the country is still trailing below the desired rate of attaining SDGs by 2030. The commencement of this decade of action and the proliferating intensity of the current unprecedented health crisis have thus called for heightened emphasis on inclusive sustainable development for the most disproportionately disadvantaged populations of which refugees form part. The pandemic has forced key stakeholders to shift their focus by re-allocating their scarce resources from disadvantaged communities such as refugee camps, thereby exposing them to severe and unacceptable vulnerability. Coupled to this COVID-19 pandemic is the prevalent energy crisis in displacement camps which shall have far-reaching disruptions. Increased energy access in refugee settlements shall help advance the modest progress made so far. This paper therefore highlights the most promising Waste-to-Energy (WtE) options for displacement camps in the Ugandan context which are evaluated based on a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) matrix upon which deductions of anaerobic digestion and briquettes respectively serve as the best ranked options respectively for more inclusive social economic development in these settings.
    VL  - 10
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Author Information
  • Energy Technology Department, School of Engineering, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

  • Energy Resources Department, Ndata School of Climate and Earth Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology (MUST), Thyolo, Malawi

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