| Peer-Reviewed

Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin as a Predictor of Alzeheimer’s Disease Through Synaptic Dysfunction

Received: 6 April 2018     Accepted: 24 April 2018     Published: 24 May 2018
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Cognitive changes in Alzheimer’s diseases have been linked to synaptic degeneration and dysfunction. Hence, a biomarker of early synaptic defect like neurogranin, is clinically useful to enhance early diagnosis of the disease in susceptible individuals. This review ass the various works done by various authors and researchers from various parts of the world on the role of neurogranin and its clinical usefulness in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease with symptoms of progressive dementia. Using the internet and search engines as pubmed, google scholar, medline, index Copernicus etc, studies on Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and neurogranin were checked for to assess the conclusions of the researchers and also references of the retrieved articles were searched for further facts and information on the subject. Over the years, many researchers have been done to ascertain a suitable biomarker for Alzheimers disease. The pathophysiological process of Alzheimher’s is linked to synaptic degeneration and elevated cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin has been linked to this pathologic process. In this review, many authors find neurogranin a useful, accurate and reliable biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease as neurogranin levels are elevated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease when compared with controls. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neurogranin is a promising biomarker of Alzheimer’s diseases and tends to be clinically useful in early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.

Published in International Journal of Neurosurgery (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13
Page(s) 13-16
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Alzheimer’s, Biomarkers, Pubmed, Neuropilin, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Synaptic

References
[1] Martinez de Anieta C, Morte B, Coloma A, Bernal J. The human RC3 gene homologue NRGN contains a thyroid hormone–responsive element located in first intron. Endocrinology 140; (1): 335-43, 1999.
[2] Martinez de Anieta, Perez-Jurado L, Bernal D, Coloma A. Structure and organization and chromosomal mapping of the human neurogranin gene (NRGN). Genomics. 41 (2): 243-9, 1997.
[3] Represa A, Delaulme JC, Sensenbrenner M, Ben Ari Y. Baudie J. Neurogranin: Immunocytochemical localization of a protein-specific protein kinase C substrate. Neurosci10: 3782-92, 1990.
[4] Burns A, IIiffes S. Alzheimers disease: BMJ 2009: 338; b158.
[5] Papalliegakau VT. The role of CSF fluid biomarker for Alzheimer disease diagnosis: where are we now? Recent Pat CNS Drug Disc. 2013: 8 (1): 70-8.
[6] Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J. (editors). In: Harrison: Textbook of Internal medicine. 18th ed. McGraw Hill, 2012.
[7] Dementia Fact sheet: World Health Organizations, March 2015. Archived from the original.
[8] Mendez MF. Early-Onset Alzheimers Disease. Non-amnestic subtypes and type 2 Alzheimer diseases. Archives of Medical Research 43 (8): 671-88, 2012.
[9] Role of protein–aggregation in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Alzheimers disease and Parkinson disease. Neuromuscular Medicine: 491-2): 21–36, 2013.
[10] Blennow K, Hampel H, Weiner M, Zetterber H. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Neurol 6: 131:144, 2010.
[11] Thorsell A, Bjerke M, Gobom J. Neurograninin cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dement 11. 1461-1461, 2015.
[12] Remnestal J, Just D, Mitsios N, Fredolini C, Mulder J. CSF Profiling of the human brain enriched proteome reveals associations of neuromodulin and neurogranin to Alzheimer’s disease. Proteomics ClinAppl2016; 10 (12): 1242–1253.
[13] Querfunon HW, La Ferla FM. Alzheimers disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 362 (4): 329–44.
[14] Du Y, Dodel R, Hampel H, Buerger K, Lin S, Eastwood B. Reduced level of amyloid beta peptide-Antibody in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 57 (5): Sol–5: 2001.
[15] Schonknecht P, Patel J, Hunt A, Volkman M, Buerger K, HampelH, Schroder J. Levels of Tau and Total Tau protein phosphorylated at Threonine 181 in incipient and manifest Alzheimers disease. Neuroscience Letters 2003; 339 (2):172-174.
[16] Alzheimers markers seen way before symptoms: https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/alzheimersdisease/33728.
[17] Wang HC, Wang YY, Liu XG, Kuo SH, Liu N. Cholesterol, 24- hydroxycholesterol, 27- hydroxycholesterol as surrogate biomarkers in CSF in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: A Meta-analysis. J. Alzheimers Disease. 2010: 51 (1): 45–55.
[18] Zetterberg H, Andreasson U, Hansson O, Wu G, Sankamanayan S. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid BACE 1 activity in incipient Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology CS 98); 1102-7.
[19] Seubert P, Vigo Pelfrey C, Esch F, Lee M, Duvey H, Davis D., Sinta S, Schossmacher M. Isolation and quantification of soluble Alzheimers beta peptide from biological fluids. Nature 359 96393): 325–7.
[20] GerendasyDD, Sutchcliffe JG. RC3/Neurogranin, a postsynaptic calpacitin for setting the response threshold to calcium influxes.
[21] Zhou B, Teramukai S Yoshimura K, Fuku Shima. Validity of CSF fluid as endpoints in early-phase clinical trials for AD. J Alzheimer Dis 2009; 18 (1):89-102.
[22] Kvertsberg H, Duits FH, Ingelsson M, Andreasen N, Ohrfelt A, Anderson K. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of synaptic decline in prodomal Alzheimer disease. Dement 2014.
[23] Terry D, Masliah E. Salman DP. Physical basis cognitive alteration in Alzheimers Disease synapses loss in the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurology. 1991; 30; 572–80.
[24] Jarelidz S, Hertze J, Zetterberg H, Landquist, Waldo M, Santillo A. CSF Neurogranin and YKL–40 as biomarkers of Alzheimers Disease. Ann ClinTranslNeurol 2015; 3:12-20.
[25] Reddy PH, Mani G, Perk BS, Jacquez J. Differential loss of synaptic proteins in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for synaptic dysfunction. J. Alzheimers Disease 2005; 7:103–17.
[26] Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Skillback T. Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin. relation to cognition and neuro-degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease BRAINS. 2015; 138:373-85.
[27] Tarawneh R, D’ Angelo G, Criminins. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of the synaptic marker, neurogranin in Alzheimer’s disease. JAMA: Neurol: 2016: 73 (5): 561–71.
[28] Wellington H, Paterson R, Portelius E, Tornquist U, Mgdalinou N, Fox N. Increased CSF neurogranin concentration is specific to Alzheimers disease. Neurology 86 (9): 82a–835, 2016.
[29] Kester MI, Teunissen CE, Crimnias DL, Herrier EM, Ladenson JH, Schallens P. Neurogranin as a CSF biomarker for synaptic loss in symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. JAMA Neurol2015, 72 (11): 1275–80.
[30] Kester MI, Scheffer PG, Koel MJ. serial CSF sampling in AD:specific versus non-specific markers. Neurobiol Aging 2012:33 (8):1591-1598.
[31] Vanderstichele H, Demeyer L, Janelidze S, Coart E, Stoops E, Mauroo K, Herbst V, Francois C, Hansson O. Recommendations for cerebrospinal fluid collection for the analysis by ELISA of neurogranin trunc P75, α-synuclein, and total tau in combination with Aβ (1-42)/Aβ (1-40). Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9 (1):40.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ekpe Lawson, Aniara Gloria, Eman-Henshaw Offiong. (2018). Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin as a Predictor of Alzeheimer’s Disease Through Synaptic Dysfunction. International Journal of Neurosurgery, 2(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Ekpe Lawson; Aniara Gloria; Eman-Henshaw Offiong. Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin as a Predictor of Alzeheimer’s Disease Through Synaptic Dysfunction. Int. J. Neurosurg. 2018, 2(1), 13-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Ekpe Lawson, Aniara Gloria, Eman-Henshaw Offiong. Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin as a Predictor of Alzeheimer’s Disease Through Synaptic Dysfunction. Int J Neurosurg. 2018;2(1):13-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13,
      author = {Ekpe Lawson and Aniara Gloria and Eman-Henshaw Offiong},
      title = {Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin as a Predictor of Alzeheimer’s Disease Through Synaptic Dysfunction},
      journal = {International Journal of Neurosurgery},
      volume = {2},
      number = {1},
      pages = {13-16},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijn.20180201.13},
      abstract = {Cognitive changes in Alzheimer’s diseases have been linked to synaptic degeneration and dysfunction. Hence, a biomarker of early synaptic defect like neurogranin, is clinically useful to enhance early diagnosis of the disease in susceptible individuals. This review ass the various works done by various authors and researchers from various parts of the world on the role of neurogranin and its clinical usefulness in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease with symptoms of progressive dementia. Using the internet and search engines as pubmed, google scholar, medline, index Copernicus etc, studies on Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and neurogranin were checked for to assess the conclusions of the researchers and also references of the retrieved articles were searched for further facts and information on the subject. Over the years, many researchers have been done to ascertain a suitable biomarker for Alzheimers disease. The pathophysiological process of Alzheimher’s is linked to synaptic degeneration and elevated cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin has been linked to this pathologic process. In this review, many authors find neurogranin a useful, accurate and reliable biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease as neurogranin levels are elevated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease when compared with controls. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neurogranin is a promising biomarker of Alzheimer’s diseases and tends to be clinically useful in early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin as a Predictor of Alzeheimer’s Disease Through Synaptic Dysfunction
    AU  - Ekpe Lawson
    AU  - Aniara Gloria
    AU  - Eman-Henshaw Offiong
    Y1  - 2018/05/24
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13
    T2  - International Journal of Neurosurgery
    JF  - International Journal of Neurosurgery
    JO  - International Journal of Neurosurgery
    SP  - 13
    EP  - 16
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-1959
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijn.20180201.13
    AB  - Cognitive changes in Alzheimer’s diseases have been linked to synaptic degeneration and dysfunction. Hence, a biomarker of early synaptic defect like neurogranin, is clinically useful to enhance early diagnosis of the disease in susceptible individuals. This review ass the various works done by various authors and researchers from various parts of the world on the role of neurogranin and its clinical usefulness in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease with symptoms of progressive dementia. Using the internet and search engines as pubmed, google scholar, medline, index Copernicus etc, studies on Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and neurogranin were checked for to assess the conclusions of the researchers and also references of the retrieved articles were searched for further facts and information on the subject. Over the years, many researchers have been done to ascertain a suitable biomarker for Alzheimers disease. The pathophysiological process of Alzheimher’s is linked to synaptic degeneration and elevated cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin has been linked to this pathologic process. In this review, many authors find neurogranin a useful, accurate and reliable biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease as neurogranin levels are elevated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease when compared with controls. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neurogranin is a promising biomarker of Alzheimer’s diseases and tends to be clinically useful in early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Sections