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Fungicidal Action of Coconut Waste Liquid-Smoke on Citrus Fruit-Rot Pathogens (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum)

Received: 24 April 2021     Accepted: 13 May 2021     Published: 26 May 2021
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from young coconut waste for infection of green rot (Penicillium digitatum) and blue rot (Penicillium italicum) pathogens in postharvest citrus fruit. The pyrolysis of 1 kg of young-coconut resulted in 409 mL of crude liquid smoke, and 300 mL of distilled liquid smoke. The resulting distilled liquid smoke has the following characteristics: brownish-yellow in color, pH of 2, specific density of 1.02 g. mL-1, and a total acid content of 10.7. Liquid smoke produced from young coconut waste was of good quality, in accordance with international quality standards. The overall characteristics of liquid smoke from coconut waste meet international liquid smoke standards, which include specific gravity, color, acidity, and pH in the required range and the absence of dispersed substances. The results showed that in in vitro testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 2.5% was able to retard the mycelium of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum with 100% inhibition. Whereas in in vivo testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 75% was able to retard the increase in the lesion diameter of the P. italicum fungal infection by 76.1%. However, all concentrations of liquid smoke treatments had no effect on P. digitatum. Treatment of the concentration of liquid smoke had no effect on the lesion diameter of the green rot infection on citrus fruit. Whereas in blue rot disease, the concentration of 50, 75, and 100% liquid smoke treatment gave different lesion diameter compared to the control, but among the treatments there was no difference in the lesion diameter. This proved that the treatment of liquid smoke concentration of 50% was established to have fungicidal action against blue rot desease on citrus fruit.

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14
Page(s) 53-58
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Citrus, Fruit Rot, Fungicidal, Liquid Smoke, Penicillium

References
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[3] El-Otmani M and Ait-Oubahou A, 2011. Citrus spp.: orange, mandarin, tangerine, clementine, grape fruit, pamelo, lemon and lime. In E. M. Yahia (Ed.), Postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science and Nutrition, 207: 437-515.
[4] Erasmus A, Lennox CL, Njombolwana NS, Lesar K and Fourie FH, 2015a. Curative control of citrus green mould by imazalil as influenced by infection age, wound size, fruit exposure time, solution pH and fruit brushing after treatment. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 101: 26–36.
[5] Erasmus A, Lennox CL, Korsten L, Lesar K and Fourie PH, 2015b. Imazalil resistance in Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum causing citrus postharvest green and blue mould: Impact and options. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 107: 66–76.
[6] Noor E, Luditama C and Pari G, 2014. Isolation and purification of liquid smoke made from coconut shell and coir by pyrolysis and distillation. Proceedings of the National Coconut Conference, 8: 93–102.
[7] Grewal, A., L. Abbey, dan L. R. Gunupuru. 2018. Production, prospects and potential application of pyroligneous acid in agriculture. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 135: 152–159.
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[15] Hartati S, Meliansyah R and Puspasari, L, 2013. The potential of pine wood vinegar in controlling anthracnose in red chilies. Indonesian Journal of Phytopathology, 9: 173–178.
[16] Collard F and Blin J, 2014. A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: Mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 38: 594–608.
[17] Barnet, H. L., dan B. B. Hunter. 2006. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi (4 th). Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society.
[18] Costa JH, Bazioli JG, de Moraes P, and Fill, TP, 2019. Penicillium digitatum infection mechanisms in citrus: What do we know so far? Fungal Biology J. 123: 584-593.
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  • APA Style

    Budy Rahmat, Alaik Zhilalul Haq Albaki. (2021). Fungicidal Action of Coconut Waste Liquid-Smoke on Citrus Fruit-Rot Pathogens (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum). International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(2), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14

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    ACS Style

    Budy Rahmat; Alaik Zhilalul Haq Albaki. Fungicidal Action of Coconut Waste Liquid-Smoke on Citrus Fruit-Rot Pathogens (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum). Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 6(2), 53-58. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14

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    AMA Style

    Budy Rahmat, Alaik Zhilalul Haq Albaki. Fungicidal Action of Coconut Waste Liquid-Smoke on Citrus Fruit-Rot Pathogens (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum). Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;6(2):53-58. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14,
      author = {Budy Rahmat and Alaik Zhilalul Haq Albaki},
      title = {Fungicidal Action of Coconut Waste Liquid-Smoke on Citrus Fruit-Rot Pathogens (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum)},
      journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
      volume = {6},
      number = {2},
      pages = {53-58},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20210602.14},
      abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from young coconut waste for infection of green rot (Penicillium digitatum) and blue rot (Penicillium italicum) pathogens in postharvest citrus fruit. The pyrolysis of 1 kg of young-coconut resulted in 409 mL of crude liquid smoke, and 300 mL of distilled liquid smoke. The resulting distilled liquid smoke has the following characteristics: brownish-yellow in color, pH of 2, specific density of 1.02 g. mL-1, and a total acid content of 10.7. Liquid smoke produced from young coconut waste was of good quality, in accordance with international quality standards. The overall characteristics of liquid smoke from coconut waste meet international liquid smoke standards, which include specific gravity, color, acidity, and pH in the required range and the absence of dispersed substances. The results showed that in in vitro testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 2.5% was able to retard the mycelium of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum with 100% inhibition. Whereas in in vivo testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 75% was able to retard the increase in the lesion diameter of the P. italicum fungal infection by 76.1%. However, all concentrations of liquid smoke treatments had no effect on P. digitatum. Treatment of the concentration of liquid smoke had no effect on the lesion diameter of the green rot infection on citrus fruit. Whereas in blue rot disease, the concentration of 50, 75, and 100% liquid smoke treatment gave different lesion diameter compared to the control, but among the treatments there was no difference in the lesion diameter. This proved that the treatment of liquid smoke concentration of 50% was established to have fungicidal action against blue rot desease on citrus fruit.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Fungicidal Action of Coconut Waste Liquid-Smoke on Citrus Fruit-Rot Pathogens (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum)
    AU  - Budy Rahmat
    AU  - Alaik Zhilalul Haq Albaki
    Y1  - 2021/05/26
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14
    T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    SP  - 53
    EP  - 58
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9686
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210602.14
    AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from young coconut waste for infection of green rot (Penicillium digitatum) and blue rot (Penicillium italicum) pathogens in postharvest citrus fruit. The pyrolysis of 1 kg of young-coconut resulted in 409 mL of crude liquid smoke, and 300 mL of distilled liquid smoke. The resulting distilled liquid smoke has the following characteristics: brownish-yellow in color, pH of 2, specific density of 1.02 g. mL-1, and a total acid content of 10.7. Liquid smoke produced from young coconut waste was of good quality, in accordance with international quality standards. The overall characteristics of liquid smoke from coconut waste meet international liquid smoke standards, which include specific gravity, color, acidity, and pH in the required range and the absence of dispersed substances. The results showed that in in vitro testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 2.5% was able to retard the mycelium of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum with 100% inhibition. Whereas in in vivo testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 75% was able to retard the increase in the lesion diameter of the P. italicum fungal infection by 76.1%. However, all concentrations of liquid smoke treatments had no effect on P. digitatum. Treatment of the concentration of liquid smoke had no effect on the lesion diameter of the green rot infection on citrus fruit. Whereas in blue rot disease, the concentration of 50, 75, and 100% liquid smoke treatment gave different lesion diameter compared to the control, but among the treatments there was no difference in the lesion diameter. This proved that the treatment of liquid smoke concentration of 50% was established to have fungicidal action against blue rot desease on citrus fruit.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Siliwangi University, Tasikmalaya City, Indonesia

  • Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Siliwangi University, Tasikmalaya City, Indonesia

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