Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh

Salma Morium

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11

Review Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh

Salma Morium^*

Published in International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 7, Issue 2)

Received: 31 March 2024 Accepted: 22 April 2024 Published: 17 May 2024

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Child abuse is a grave global concern that goes beyond geographical, cultural, and socio-economic boundaries. Bangladesh is a country characterized by its rich cultural heritage and diverse population. It’s a densely populated South Asian nation, that has made significant strides in improving various aspects of human development over the past decades. However, despite these advancements, child abuse remains a significant challenge that demands urgent attention. Child abuse takes various forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and neglectful abuse, each leaving scars that can impede a child's potential to thrive and contribute positively to society. Moreover, the intricate tapestry of socioeconomic disparities, traditional practices, and limited access to education and healthcare services further compounds the vulnerabilities of children, often exposing them to increased risks of exploitation and maltreatment. This paper will delve into the prevailing cultural norms and societal attitudes that might perpetuate child abuse, exploring how traditional beliefs and practices intersect with modern challenges. By analyzing statistical data, academic research, and expert opinions, the study will provide a nuanced understanding of the scale of the problem, helping to identify gaps in current policy frameworks and protective mechanisms. Additionally, the research will scrutinize the role of various stakeholders, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies, in addressing child abuse in Bangladesh.

Published in	International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11
Page(s)	51-60
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Child Abuse, Bangladesh, Violence, Child Rights, Child Development, Public Awareness

References

[1]	Gromada, A., G. Rees, and Y. Chzhen, Worlds of influence: Understanding what shapes child well-being in rich countries. 2020: United Nations Children’s Fund. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/reports/worlds-influence-what-shapes-child-well-being-rich-countries-2020
[2]	Hall, D. M. and D. Elliman, Health for all children: revised fourth edition. 2006: Oxford University Press.
[3]	Alam, M. I., M. Mansur, and P. Barman, Early childhood development in Bangladesh and its socio-demographic determinants of importance. Early Child Development and Care, 2022. 192(12): p. 1901-1920. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2021.1951260
[4]	Islam, F. and G. A. Akhter, Child abuse in Bangladesh. Ibrahim Medical College Journal, 2016. 9(1): p. 18-21. https://doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v9i1.27635
[5]	Chowdhury, M. A. M., M. R. Islam, and B. Mia, Child Abuse and NGO's Initiatives in Bangladesh: A Critical Review. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2014. 8(3): p. 1132. Available from: https://ijias.issr-journals.org/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-14-252-08
[6]	Zafarullah, H. and M. H. Rahman, Human rights, civil society and nongovernmental organizations: The nexus in Bangladesh. Hum. Rts. Q., 2002. 24: p. 1011. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2002.0055
[7]	UNICEF. The state of the world's children 1998. 1992, Unicef New York. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-1998
[8]	Rahman, M. A., et al., Children and Tobacco in Existing Laws, Rules and Policies in Bangladesh: A Practical Scenario. Social Change, 2017. 13. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/34138296/Children_and_Tobacco_in_Existing_Laws_Rules_and_Policies_in_Bangladesh_A_Practical_Scenario
[9]	Ferdousi, N., Justice for Children in Bangladesh: Legal and Ethical Issues. Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics, 2020. 11(1): p. 35-43. https://doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v11i1.49268
[10]	Kalmakis, K. A. and G. E. Chandler, Adverse childhood experiences: towards a clear conceptual meaning. Journal of advanced nursing, 2014. 70(7): p. 1489-1501. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12329
[11]	Gelles, R. J., What to learn from cross-cultural and historical research on child abuse and neglect: An overview. Child Abuse and Neglect: Biosocial Dimensions-Foundations of Human Behavior. Oxon: Routledge, 2017. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315081441-10/learn-cross-cultural-historical-research-child-abuse-neglect-overview-jane-lancaster
[12]	Brown, R. and H. Ward, An overview of current research evidence for family justice professionals concerning child development and the impact of maltreatment. 2013. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2953.8884
[13]	World Health Organization, Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva. 1999, World Health Organization. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/65900
[14]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Child abuse and neglect: Definitions. 2016. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/index.html
[15]	Kirkland, A., D. Moran, and A. K. Perone, Child Abuse Evidence: New Perspectives from Law, Medicine, Psychology & Statistics: Introduction. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2017. 50(3): p. 669-676. https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.50.3.child.thomas
[16]	Putnam, F. W., Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2003. 42(3): p. 269-278. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12595779/
[17]	Amin, M., Shattered innocence: Unveiling alarming reality of unabated child abuse, in Dhaka Tribune. 2016, 2A Media Limited: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Available from: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/334006/shattered-innocence-unveiling-alarming-reality-of
[18]	Child Welfare Information Gateway. Definition Of Child Abuse And Neglect. Retrieved from 2016 [cited 2024 March 30]; Available from: https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/safety-and-risk/child-abuse-and-neglect/#:~:text=Child%20neglect%20is%20the%20most,All%20families%20experience%20stress
[19]	Pipe, M.-E., et al., Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial. 2013: Psychology Press. Available from: https://www.routledge.com/Child-Sexual-Abuse-Disclosure-Delay-and-Denial/Pipe-Lamb-Orbach-Cederborg/p/book/9780805863178
[20]	Garbarino, J., 75.1 An Overview of Child Psychological Abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017. 56(10): p. S111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.436
[21]	Haque, M. A., et al., Children’s exposure to psychological abuse and neglect: A population-based study in rural Bangladesh. Acta paediatrica, 2021. 110(1): p. 257-264. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15340
[22]	Gilmore, E. A., Imputed Negligence. Wis. L. Rev., 1920. 1: p. 193.
[23]	Mata, N. T., L. M. B. d. Silveira, and S. F. Deslandes, Family and neglect: an analysis of the concept of child negligence. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 2017. 22: p. 2881-2888. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.13032017
[24]	Mohajan, H., Child rights in Bangladesh. 2014. Available from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58424/
[25]	Sikder, M., The News Coverage on Children, and the Ethics: A Study on the Contents of 10 Newspapers of Bangladesh. 2017, Daffodil International University. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11948/1855
[26]	Firestone, R., Compassionate child-rearing: An in-depth approach to optimal parenting. (No Title), 1990.
[27]	Jensen, K. B., Space-time geography of female live-in child domestic workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Children's Geographies, 2014. 12(2): p. 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.783986
[28]	Llorens, N. G., et al., A focus on the positive: Reasons for not engaging in physical aggression against a dating partner. Journal of family violence, 2016. 31: p. 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9750-6
[29]	Razzaque, N., et al., Child Abuse in Bangladesh: Issues & Legal Protection. Sch Int J Law Crime Justice, 2023. 6(9): p. 485-488. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2023.v06i09.004
[30]	Hakim, M. A. and A. Rahman, Health and nutritional condition of street children of Dhaka city: an empirical study in Bangladesh. Science Journal of Public Health, 2016. 4(1): p. 6-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2016040101.12
[31]	Rati, S. T. and K. T. Ferdush, Evaluating the social, political and economic reasons behind gender-based violence in South Asia: A case study of Bangladesh. Issue 4 Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human., 2021. 4: p. 3351. Available from: https://doij.org/10.10000/IJLMH.111727
[32]	Jahan, N. and M. H. Razib, Child Abusing News: Episodic and Thematic Media Framing Adapting the Children Act and UNICEF’s Principles in Bangladesh. Athens Journal of Mass Media & Communications, 2023. 9(2). https://doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.9-2-3
[33]	Banarjee, S., Identifying factors of sexual violence against women and protection of their rights in Bangladesh. Aggression and violent behavior, 2020. 52: p. 101384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101384
[34]	Mrazek, P. B. and C. H. Kempe, Sexually abused children & their families. 2014: Elsevier. Available from: https://shop.elsevier.com/books/sexually-abused-children-and-their-families/mrazek/978-0-08-030194-5
[35]	Young, J. C. and C. S. Widom, Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on emotion processing in adulthood. Child abuse & neglect, 2014. 38(8): p. 1369-1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.008
[36]	Faulkner, N., Pandora’s box: The secrecy of child sexual abuse. Sexual Counseling Digest, 1996. 10: p. 1-3.
[37]	Sheinberg, M. and P. Fraenkel, Loyalty divided: Ambivalence haunts the victims of sexual abuse. Family Therapy Networker, 1998. 23(3): p. 63-78.
[38]	Islam, S. S., et al. A Trend Analysis of crimes in Bangladesh. in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computing Advancements. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3542954.3543026
[39]	Sanyal, P. R. A 13-year-old boy's horrific death becomes viral Facebook video in Bangladesh. Global Voices Online: Justice 2015 [cited 2024 March 30]; Available from: https://theworld.org/stories/2015-07-17/13-year-old-boys-horrific-death-becomes-viral-facebook-video-bangladesh
[40]	Khulna Correspondent, Minor worker tortured by pumping air through rectum, in BDNews. 24. 2015: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Available from: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/24730/minor-worker-tortured-by-pumping-air-through
[41]	Anam, M., Barbaric torture and murder of a child, in The Daily Star. 2017: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/editorial/barbaric-torture-and-murder-child-112000
[42]	Rabbi, A. R., Child abuse reaches a horrifying level, in Dhaka Tribune. 2017: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Available from: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/laws-rights/129659/child-abuse-reaches-a-horrifying-level
[43]	Izutsu, T., et al., Mental health, quality of life, and nutritional status of adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Comparison between an urban slum and a non-slum area. Social science & medicine, 2006. 63(6): p. 1477-1488. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.013
[44]	Islam, M. M., et al., Determinants of Under-five Child Mortality: Evidence from Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-855847/v1
[45]	Atiqul Haque, M., et al., Child maltreatment portrayed in Bangladeshi newspapers. Child abuse review, 2020. 29(5): p. 448-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2606
[46]	Cohen, C. P., United Nations: Convention on the rights of the child. International Legal Materials, 1989. 28(6): p. 1448-1476. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20693385
[47]	Islam, M. R. and M. A. I. Sikder, Effectiveness of legal and institutional framework for juvenile justice in Bangladesh: a critical analysis. Social Research Reports, 2014. 26: p. 66.
[48]	Finkelhor, D. and P. Lannen, Dilemmas for international mobilization around child abuse and neglect. Child abuse & neglect, 2015. 50: p. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.06.012
[49]	Shahidullah, S. M., Criminalization of child abuse and violence against children in South Asia: law and legal advances in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Crime, criminal justice, and the evolving science of criminology in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, 2017: p. 109-144. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50750-1_5
[50]	Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Government of the Paople’s Republic of Bangladesh. The Divorce Act, 1869. Laws of Bangladesh. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. Available from: http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-20.html
[51]	Islam, M. Laws regulating guardianship of a minor in Bangladesh, in The Daily Star. Jun 26, 2021. Dhaka, Bangladesh. Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/laws-regulating-guardianship-minor-bangladesh-2034005
[52]	Khan, M. E. P. and Karim, M. A. The Prevention of Women & Children Repression Act 2000: A Study of Implementation Process from 2003 to 2013. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) 22.7 (2017): 34-42.). https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2207113442
[53]	Islam, M.S., 2015. Child Abuse and the Recent Trends in Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis from Islamic and Bangladeshi Laws. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 20(12), pp. 58-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-201255866
[54]	Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division. Government of the Paople’s Republic of Bangladesh. The Penal Code, 1860. Laws of Bangladesh. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. Available from: http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-11/chapter-details-5.html?lang=en
[55]	Ministry of Women and Children Affairs. Government of the Paople’s Republic of Bangladesh. Child Marriage Restraint Act-2017. Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. Available from: https://mowca.gov.bd/site/page/8cd66bf8-9d30-493a-b5a9-0cfcd942fff6/Child-Marriage-Restraint-Act-2017
[56]	Munir M. Rights of the child: An Islamic perspective on preventing violence, abuse, and exploitation of children and pakistani law. Hamdard Islamicus (October-December 2015). 2014 Dec 14; 38(4): 33-58.
[57]	Chowdhury MA, Morium S. Child marriage: historical reality around the globe and in Bangladesh–a literature review. Archives of Psychology. 2018 Jul 15; 2(7).
[58]	Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division. Government of the Paople’s Republic of Bangladesh. The Child Act, 2013. Laws of Bangladesh. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. Available from: http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-1119.html?lang=en

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Morium, S. (2024). Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh. International Journal of Law and Society, 7(2), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Morium, S. Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh. Int. J. Law Soc. 2024, 7(2), 51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Morium S. Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh. Int J Law Soc. 2024;7(2):51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11,
  author = {Salma Morium},
  title = {Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh
},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {51-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20240702.11},
  abstract = {Child abuse is a grave global concern that goes beyond geographical, cultural, and socio-economic boundaries. Bangladesh is a country characterized by its rich cultural heritage and diverse population. It’s a densely populated South Asian nation, that has made significant strides in improving various aspects of human development over the past decades. However, despite these advancements, child abuse remains a significant challenge that demands urgent attention. Child abuse takes various forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and neglectful abuse, each leaving scars that can impede a child's potential to thrive and contribute positively to society. Moreover, the intricate tapestry of socioeconomic disparities, traditional practices, and limited access to education and healthcare services further compounds the vulnerabilities of children, often exposing them to increased risks of exploitation and maltreatment. This paper will delve into the prevailing cultural norms and societal attitudes that might perpetuate child abuse, exploring how traditional beliefs and practices intersect with modern challenges. By analyzing statistical data, academic research, and expert opinions, the study will provide a nuanced understanding of the scale of the problem, helping to identify gaps in current policy frameworks and protective mechanisms. Additionally, the research will scrutinize the role of various stakeholders, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies, in addressing child abuse in Bangladesh.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh

AU  - Salma Morium
Y1  - 2024/05/17
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11
T2  - International Journal of Law and Society
JF  - International Journal of Law and Society
JO  - International Journal of Law and Society
SP  - 51
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1908
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11
AB  - Child abuse is a grave global concern that goes beyond geographical, cultural, and socio-economic boundaries. Bangladesh is a country characterized by its rich cultural heritage and diverse population. It’s a densely populated South Asian nation, that has made significant strides in improving various aspects of human development over the past decades. However, despite these advancements, child abuse remains a significant challenge that demands urgent attention. Child abuse takes various forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and neglectful abuse, each leaving scars that can impede a child's potential to thrive and contribute positively to society. Moreover, the intricate tapestry of socioeconomic disparities, traditional practices, and limited access to education and healthcare services further compounds the vulnerabilities of children, often exposing them to increased risks of exploitation and maltreatment. This paper will delve into the prevailing cultural norms and societal attitudes that might perpetuate child abuse, exploring how traditional beliefs and practices intersect with modern challenges. By analyzing statistical data, academic research, and expert opinions, the study will provide a nuanced understanding of the scale of the problem, helping to identify gaps in current policy frameworks and protective mechanisms. Additionally, the research will scrutinize the role of various stakeholders, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies, in addressing child abuse in Bangladesh.

VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Salma Morium

Department of Law, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-1684-1077

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Morium, S. (2024). Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh. International Journal of Law and Society, 7(2), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Morium, S. Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh. Int. J. Law Soc. 2024, 7(2), 51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Morium S. Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh. Int J Law Soc. 2024;7(2):51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11,
  author = {Salma Morium},
  title = {Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh
},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {51-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20240702.11},
  abstract = {Child abuse is a grave global concern that goes beyond geographical, cultural, and socio-economic boundaries. Bangladesh is a country characterized by its rich cultural heritage and diverse population. It’s a densely populated South Asian nation, that has made significant strides in improving various aspects of human development over the past decades. However, despite these advancements, child abuse remains a significant challenge that demands urgent attention. Child abuse takes various forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and neglectful abuse, each leaving scars that can impede a child's potential to thrive and contribute positively to society. Moreover, the intricate tapestry of socioeconomic disparities, traditional practices, and limited access to education and healthcare services further compounds the vulnerabilities of children, often exposing them to increased risks of exploitation and maltreatment. This paper will delve into the prevailing cultural norms and societal attitudes that might perpetuate child abuse, exploring how traditional beliefs and practices intersect with modern challenges. By analyzing statistical data, academic research, and expert opinions, the study will provide a nuanced understanding of the scale of the problem, helping to identify gaps in current policy frameworks and protective mechanisms. Additionally, the research will scrutinize the role of various stakeholders, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies, in addressing child abuse in Bangladesh.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Child Abuse in Bangladesh

AU  - Salma Morium
Y1  - 2024/05/17
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11
T2  - International Journal of Law and Society
JF  - International Journal of Law and Society
JO  - International Journal of Law and Society
SP  - 51
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1908
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20240702.11
AB  - Child abuse is a grave global concern that goes beyond geographical, cultural, and socio-economic boundaries. Bangladesh is a country characterized by its rich cultural heritage and diverse population. It’s a densely populated South Asian nation, that has made significant strides in improving various aspects of human development over the past decades. However, despite these advancements, child abuse remains a significant challenge that demands urgent attention. Child abuse takes various forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and neglectful abuse, each leaving scars that can impede a child's potential to thrive and contribute positively to society. Moreover, the intricate tapestry of socioeconomic disparities, traditional practices, and limited access to education and healthcare services further compounds the vulnerabilities of children, often exposing them to increased risks of exploitation and maltreatment. This paper will delve into the prevailing cultural norms and societal attitudes that might perpetuate child abuse, exploring how traditional beliefs and practices intersect with modern challenges. By analyzing statistical data, academic research, and expert opinions, the study will provide a nuanced understanding of the scale of the problem, helping to identify gaps in current policy frameworks and protective mechanisms. Additionally, the research will scrutinize the role of various stakeholders, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies, in addressing child abuse in Bangladesh.

VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download