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Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kerala Bacillus Spp Isolated from Paddy Field

Received: 1 October 2017     Accepted: 27 October 2017     Published: 24 November 2017
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Abstract

Rice paddy environment is an exceptional reservoir for different microorganisms (Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic). Fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides were used for boosting rice paddy growth and preventing agronomy diseases. Enormous use of fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides will develop drug resistance in the microorganisms present in the crop [figure-1]. Ninety dried rice paddy samples were collected from different places around regions of Kerala. Forty rod-shaped gram-stain-Positive endospore forming obligate aerobic bacteria were isolated from the samples. All the forty strains were subjected to for antibiotic susceptibility by using the standard antibiotic disc (Cefoxitin). Significant drug resistance and massive growth observed in the strain (SCOP-2) among other isolated bacteria. SCOP-2 was subjected for sensitivity to differ different Antimicrobial disc by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results show that SCOP-2 drug resistant against all the five Antibiotics. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by two fold serial dilution against Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Linezolid (LNZ). From the results it is concluded that CIP and LNZ shows resistance against SCOP-2.

Published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13
Page(s) 75-78
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Drug Resistant, Cefoxitin, Herbivorous, Agrochemicals

References
[1] Kurenbach B, Marjoshi D, Amábile-Cuevas CF, Ferguson GC, Godsoe W, Gibson P, Heinemann JA. 2015. Sublethal exposure to commercial formulations of the herbicides dicamba, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate cause changes in antibiotic susceptibility in Escherichia coli and Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. mBio 6(2):e00009-15. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00009-15.
[2] Muddukrishnaiah K and Sumita Singh (2015). Antimicrobial, Synergistic Activity and Antioxidant Studies on Multidrug Resistance Human Pathogen using Crude Extract of Azadirachta indica Leaf and Withania somnifera Rhizome. J Plant Pathol Microbiol S3: 009.
[3] K. Muddukrishnaiah and S. Krishnan (2016) Study of Bacterial Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by Comparison of Conventional in-vitro Methods with PCR & RFLP Based Genotypic Methods. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 10(2): 1-8.
[4] Forbes S, Cowley N, Humphreys G, Mistry H, Amézquita A, McBain AJ. Formulation of biocides increases antimicrobial potency and mitigates the enrichment of nonsusceptible bacteria in multispecies biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 83:e03054-16.
[5] Mounyr Balouiri Moulay Sadiki, Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 6 (2016) 71–7972.
[6] Odette J. Bernasconia, Valentina Donàa, Regula Tinguelya, Andrea Endimiania, In vitro activity of three commercial bacteriophage cocktails against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. strains of human and non-human origin Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 8 (2017) 179–185.
[7] Yunjia Songa, Yuan Lva, Lanqing Cuia, Yun Lia, Qian Kea, Yixuan Zhaob cfr-mediated linezolid- resistant clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from China Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 8 (2017) 1–5.
[8] http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/lab/
[9] Mounir M Salem-Bekhit. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of nosocomial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with Reference to Methicillin resistance. Tropical Indian J Med Res Pharm 2014; 1239-1246.
[10] 1239-1246 htt://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/factsheets/pdfs/mrsa-citations.pdf, February 2011.
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  • APA Style

    Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda, Shilpa Valiyaparambil, Samuel Thavamani Benson, Dhanapal Venkatachalam, Vinod Kombath Ravindran. (2017). Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kerala Bacillus Spp Isolated from Paddy Field. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2(4), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13

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    ACS Style

    Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda; Shilpa Valiyaparambil; Samuel Thavamani Benson; Dhanapal Venkatachalam; Vinod Kombath Ravindran. Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kerala Bacillus Spp Isolated from Paddy Field. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2017, 2(4), 75-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13

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    AMA Style

    Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda, Shilpa Valiyaparambil, Samuel Thavamani Benson, Dhanapal Venkatachalam, Vinod Kombath Ravindran. Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kerala Bacillus Spp Isolated from Paddy Field. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2017;2(4):75-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13,
      author = {Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda and Shilpa Valiyaparambil and Samuel Thavamani Benson and Dhanapal Venkatachalam and Vinod Kombath Ravindran},
      title = {Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kerala Bacillus Spp Isolated from Paddy Field},
      journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
      volume = {2},
      number = {4},
      pages = {75-78},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20170204.13},
      abstract = {Rice paddy environment is an exceptional reservoir for different microorganisms (Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic). Fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides were used for boosting rice paddy growth and preventing agronomy diseases. Enormous use of fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides will develop drug resistance in the microorganisms present in the crop [figure-1]. Ninety dried rice paddy samples were collected from different places around regions of Kerala. Forty rod-shaped gram-stain-Positive endospore forming obligate aerobic bacteria were isolated from the samples. All the forty strains were subjected to for antibiotic susceptibility by using the standard antibiotic disc (Cefoxitin). Significant drug resistance and massive growth observed in the strain (SCOP-2) among other isolated bacteria. SCOP-2 was subjected for sensitivity to differ different Antimicrobial disc by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results show that SCOP-2 drug resistant against all the five Antibiotics. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by two fold serial dilution against Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Linezolid (LNZ). From the results it is concluded that CIP and LNZ shows resistance against SCOP-2.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kerala Bacillus Spp Isolated from Paddy Field
    AU  - Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda
    AU  - Shilpa Valiyaparambil
    AU  - Samuel Thavamani Benson
    AU  - Dhanapal Venkatachalam
    AU  - Vinod Kombath Ravindran
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13
    T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    SP  - 75
    EP  - 78
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-966X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170204.13
    AB  - Rice paddy environment is an exceptional reservoir for different microorganisms (Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic). Fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides were used for boosting rice paddy growth and preventing agronomy diseases. Enormous use of fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides will develop drug resistance in the microorganisms present in the crop [figure-1]. Ninety dried rice paddy samples were collected from different places around regions of Kerala. Forty rod-shaped gram-stain-Positive endospore forming obligate aerobic bacteria were isolated from the samples. All the forty strains were subjected to for antibiotic susceptibility by using the standard antibiotic disc (Cefoxitin). Significant drug resistance and massive growth observed in the strain (SCOP-2) among other isolated bacteria. SCOP-2 was subjected for sensitivity to differ different Antimicrobial disc by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results show that SCOP-2 drug resistant against all the five Antibiotics. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by two fold serial dilution against Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Linezolid (LNZ). From the results it is concluded that CIP and LNZ shows resistance against SCOP-2.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Palakkad, India

  • Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Palakkad, India

  • Department of Pharmacognosy, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Palakkad, India

  • Department of Pharmacognosy, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Palakkad, India

  • Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Palakkad, India

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