| Peer-Reviewed

A Comparative Evaluation of the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Two Contrasting Communities in Benue State, Nigeria

Received: 27 January 2017     Accepted: 10 February 2017     Published: 27 March 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This study comparatively examined the prevalence of Urinary schistosomiasis in a rural and an urban community in Benue State, Nigeria. The sedimentation technique was used to examine 440 urine samples for Schistosoma haematobium. A high prevalence of 194(44.1%) was observed in both populations. The prevalence of infection in the rural community 165(55.0%) was higher than the urban area 29(20.7%). There was a significant difference in the infection among the urban and rural settings (χ2cal=25.41, df=1, p-value <0.05). The prevalence rates was significant in both communities, with age-group >16 in Guma recording the highest infection rate 7(77.8%), while age group 16-18 years recorded the highest prevalence 13(25.5%) in the urban area. When compared to other age groups, these differences were also significantly different (p < 0.05). In both communities, the pattern of infection between male and female participants showed consistency; in both communities males were more infected. Overall, these gender differences were statistically significant (χ2cal=4.223, df=1, p-value <0.05). Individuals who wash in streams or river recorded the highest infection rate of 82(18.6%), compared to individuals who are exposed to other predisposing factors. It was concluded that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in both communities and that factors that enhance the susceptibility of individuals to the disease are still prevalent in Benue state. The study recommends that breaking the cycle of the disease could be realized through a sustained health enlightenment campaign on the disease, the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation.

Published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 2, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11
Page(s) 48-52
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Schistosoma haematobium, Makurdi, Guma, Rural, Urban, Benue

References
[1] S. C Hunter, “Tropical Medicine,” W. B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, London-Toronto, 1976, pp. 543-561.
[2] A. A Biu, C. O Nwosu, and A. Akuta, “The incidence of human schistosomiasis in Maiduguri, northern Nigeria”. Bioscience Research Communication, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2000, pp. 9-11.
[3] World Health Organization (WHO), “The control of schistosomiasis (WHO Technical Report Series, no. 728),” Report of the WHO Expert Committee, Geneva, 1987.
[4] M, J Van der Werf, S. J De Vlas, S. Brooker, C. W. N Looman, N. J. D Nagelkerke, J. D. F Habbema, and D. Engels, “Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa,” Acta Trop, Vol. 86, 2003, pp. 125-139.
[5] L. Chitsulo, D. Engels, A. Montresor, and L. Savioli, “The global status of schistosomiasis and its control,” Acta Trop, Vol. 77, No. 1, 2000, pp. 41-51.
[6] P. J Hotez and A, Kamath, A, “Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol. 3, 2009, pp. 412.
[7] M. A Mafe, T. Von Stamm, J. Utzinger, and K. N Goram, “Control of urinary schistosomiasis: an investigation into the effective use of questionnaires to identify high-risk communities and individuals in Niger State, Nigeria,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2000, pp 53-63.
[8] L. S. Florey, “Epidemiology of Polyparasitism in Coastal Kenya: Determinants, Interactions and Health Effects of Plasmodium species and Schistosoma haematobium Infections,” P.hD Dissertation” “unpublished”.
[9] A. A Biu, H. B Kolo and E. T. Agbadu, “Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school aged children of Konduga Local Government Area, Northeastern Nigeria” International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2009, pp 181-184.
[10] E. I Okoli, and A. B Odaibo, “Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Ibadan, an urban community in southwestern Nigeria,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 4, 1999, pp. 308–315.
[11] C. F Mafiana, U. F Ekpo, and D. A Ojo, “Urinary schistosomiasis in preschool children in settlements around Oyan reservoir in Ogun state, Nigeria: implication for control,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 8, 2003, pp. 78–82.
[12] A. A Biu, C. O Nwosu, and A. Akuta, “The incidence of human schistosomiasis in Maiduguri, northern Nigeria,” Bioscience Research Communication, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2000, pp. 9-11.
[13] O. P. G Nmorsi, A. O Egwunyenga and D. O Bajomo. “Survey of urinary schistosomiasis and trichomoniasis in a rural community in Edo State, Nigeria”. Acta Med Biol, in Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Vol 32 No. 3, 2001, pp. 570-574.
[14] S. O Oladejo, and I. E Ofoezie,”Unabated schistosomiasis transmission in Erinle River Dam, Osun state, Nigeria: evidence of neglect of environmental effects of development projects,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 11, 2006, pp. 843–850.
[15] K. N Opara, N. I Udoidung and I. G Ukpong, “Genitourinary schistosomiasis among pre-primary schoolchildren in rural community within the Cross River Basin, Nigeria,” Journal of Helminthology, Vol. 81, 2007, pp. 393–394.
[16] J. Utizinger, E. K N’Goran, C. R Caffrey, and J. Keiser, “From innovation to Application: Socio-ecological context, diagnostics, drugs and integrated control of Schistosomiasis,” ActaTropica Vol. 120, 2011, pp. 121-137.
[17] J. C Anosike, B. E. B Nwoke, and A. J Njoku, “The validity of haematuria in the community diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis infections,” Journal of Helminthology, Vol. 75, 2001, pp. 223-225.
[18] I. E Ofoezie, “Human health and sustainable water resources development in Nigeria: Schistosomiasis in artificial lakes,” Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 26, 2002, pp. 150–160.
[19] O. Ogbeide, O. Okojie, V. Wagbatsoma, and E. Isah, “Schistosoma haematobium in rural school children in Nigeria,” West Afrrican Journal of Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2004, pp. 31-3.
[20] U. S Ugbomoiko, I. E Ofoezie, I. C Okoye, and J. Heukelbach, “Factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis in two periurban communities in south–western Nigeria,” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. 104, No. 5, 2010, pp. 409-419.
[21] C. H King, E. M Muchiri, P. Mungai, J. H Ouma, and H. Kadzo, “Randomized comparison of low-dose versus standard-dose praziquantel therapy in treatment of urinary tract morbidity due to schistosoma haema tobium infection,” American Journal of Tropical and Medical Hygene, Vol. 66, No. 6, 2002, pp. 725–730.
[22] S. K Chandiwana, P. Taylor, and V. D Clarke, “Prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in two rural areas in Zimbabwe and their relationship to village location and snail infection rates,” Annals of Tropical Medicine Parasitology, Vol. 82, 1988, pp. 163–172.
[23] J, A Amankwa, P. Bloch, J. Meyer-Lassen, A. Olsen, and N. O Christensen, “Urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in the Tono irrigation scheme, Kassenar Nankana district, Upper East region, Ghana,” Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. 45, 1994, pp. 319–323.
[24] I. E Ofoezie, S. O Asaolu, N. O Christensen, and H. Madsen, “Pattern of infection of Schistosoma haematobium in lakeside resettlement communities at the Oyan Reservoir in Ogun state, south–western Nigeria”. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. 91, 1997, pp. 187–197.
[25] E. I Okoli, and A. B Odaibo, “Urinary schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in Ibadan, an urban community in southwestern Nigeria”. Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 4, 1999, pp. 308–315.
[26] M. E Aryeetey, Y. Wagatsuma, G. Yeboah, M. Asante, G. Mensah, F. K Nkrumah, and S. Kojima, “Urinary schistosomiasis in southern Ghana: 1. Prevalence and morbidity assessment in three (defined) rural areas drained by the Densu River,” Parasitology International, Vol. 49, 2000, pp. 155–163.
[27] C. G Okoli, and M. O. E Iwuala, “The prevalence, intensity and clinical signs of urinary schistosomiasis in Imo state, Nigeria,” Journal of Helminthology, Vol. 78, 2004, pp. 337–342.
[28] Y. G Yapi, O. J. T Briet, S. Diabate, P. Vounatsou, E. Akodo, M. Tanner, and T. Teuscher, “Rice irrigation and schistosomiasis in savannah and forest areas of Coˆ te d’Ivoire,” Acta Tropica, Vol. 93, 2005, pp. 201–211.
[29] F, O Nduka, C. M Ajaero, and B. E. B Nwoke, “Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in an endemic community in southern Nigeria,” Applied Parasitology. Vol. 36, No. 1, 1995, pp. 34-40.
[30] G. M Edington, and H. M Gills, “Pathology in the tropics,” 2nd ed. Edward Arnold Ltd. London, 1976, pp. 145-182.
[31] J. K Udonsi, “Human Community Ecology of Urinary Schistosomiasis in relation to snail vector Bionomics in the Igwum River Basin of Nigeria,” Tropical Medical Parasitology, Vol. 41, 1990, pp. 131-135.
[32] D. O Akinboye, J. U Ajisebutu, O. Fawole, O. M Agbolade, O. M Akinboye, A. M Amosu, N. O. S Atulomah, O. Awodele, O. Oduola, B. M Owodunni, S. N Rebecca, M. Falade, and O. Emem, “Urinary Schistosomiasis: Water contact frequency and infectivity among secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria”. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2011, pp. 129-134.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Onah Isegbe Emmanuel, Omudu Edward Agbo, Anumba Joseph Uche, Uweh Philomena Odeh, Idoko Marvin Agogo. (2017). A Comparative Evaluation of the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Two Contrasting Communities in Benue State, Nigeria. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2(3), 48-52. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Onah Isegbe Emmanuel; Omudu Edward Agbo; Anumba Joseph Uche; Uweh Philomena Odeh; Idoko Marvin Agogo. A Comparative Evaluation of the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Two Contrasting Communities in Benue State, Nigeria. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2017, 2(3), 48-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Onah Isegbe Emmanuel, Omudu Edward Agbo, Anumba Joseph Uche, Uweh Philomena Odeh, Idoko Marvin Agogo. A Comparative Evaluation of the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Two Contrasting Communities in Benue State, Nigeria. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2017;2(3):48-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11,
      author = {Onah Isegbe Emmanuel and Omudu Edward Agbo and Anumba Joseph Uche and Uweh Philomena Odeh and Idoko Marvin Agogo},
      title = {A Comparative Evaluation of the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Two Contrasting Communities in Benue State, Nigeria},
      journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
      volume = {2},
      number = {3},
      pages = {48-52},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20170203.11},
      abstract = {This study comparatively examined the prevalence of Urinary schistosomiasis in a rural and an urban community in Benue State, Nigeria. The sedimentation technique was used to examine 440 urine samples for Schistosoma haematobium. A high prevalence of 194(44.1%) was observed in both populations. The prevalence of infection in the rural community 165(55.0%) was higher than the urban area 29(20.7%). There was a significant difference in the infection among the urban and rural settings (χ2cal=25.41, df=1, p-value 16 in Guma recording the highest infection rate 7(77.8%), while age group 16-18 years recorded the highest prevalence 13(25.5%) in the urban area. When compared to other age groups, these differences were also significantly different (p 2cal=4.223, df=1, p-value <0.05). Individuals who wash in streams or river recorded the highest infection rate of 82(18.6%), compared to individuals who are exposed to other predisposing factors. It was concluded that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in both communities and that factors that enhance the susceptibility of individuals to the disease are still prevalent in Benue state. The study recommends that breaking the cycle of the disease could be realized through a sustained health enlightenment campaign on the disease, the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - A Comparative Evaluation of the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Two Contrasting Communities in Benue State, Nigeria
    AU  - Onah Isegbe Emmanuel
    AU  - Omudu Edward Agbo
    AU  - Anumba Joseph Uche
    AU  - Uweh Philomena Odeh
    AU  - Idoko Marvin Agogo
    Y1  - 2017/03/27
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11
    T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    SP  - 48
    EP  - 52
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-966X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170203.11
    AB  - This study comparatively examined the prevalence of Urinary schistosomiasis in a rural and an urban community in Benue State, Nigeria. The sedimentation technique was used to examine 440 urine samples for Schistosoma haematobium. A high prevalence of 194(44.1%) was observed in both populations. The prevalence of infection in the rural community 165(55.0%) was higher than the urban area 29(20.7%). There was a significant difference in the infection among the urban and rural settings (χ2cal=25.41, df=1, p-value 16 in Guma recording the highest infection rate 7(77.8%), while age group 16-18 years recorded the highest prevalence 13(25.5%) in the urban area. When compared to other age groups, these differences were also significantly different (p 2cal=4.223, df=1, p-value <0.05). Individuals who wash in streams or river recorded the highest infection rate of 82(18.6%), compared to individuals who are exposed to other predisposing factors. It was concluded that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in both communities and that factors that enhance the susceptibility of individuals to the disease are still prevalent in Benue state. The study recommends that breaking the cycle of the disease could be realized through a sustained health enlightenment campaign on the disease, the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Federal College of Veterinary and Medical Laboratory Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom-Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria

  • Federal Ministry of Health, National Arbovirus and Vector Research Centre, Enugu, Nigeria

  • Biology Department, College of Advanced and Professional Studies, Benue, Nigeria

  • Department of Community Health, Methodist College of Health Technology, Ebenta, Uwowku, Oju, Nigeria

  • Sections