| Peer-Reviewed

Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant

Received: 30 October 2018     Accepted: 19 November 2018     Published: 17 December 2018
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.

Published in International Journal of Engineering Management (Volume 2, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
Page(s) 67-75
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Aluminium Sulphate, Coagulation, Flocculation, Heavy Metals, Wastewater

References
[1] M. Ammar (2015). Environmental Problems Facing My Country (Malaysia) Today. http://amasyafiq.blogspot.com/2015/03/environmental-problem-facing-by-my.html (Accessed on March, 2015).
[2] C. Y. Yang, et al. (2003). "Arsenic in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcome in an arseniasis-endemic area in north-eastern Taiwan."Environ. Res. 91(1): 29-34.
[3] A. L. Ahmad, S. Ismail, & S. Bathia, (2003). Water Recycling from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Membrane Technology. J. Desalination 157: 87- 95.
[4] Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulation 2009.
[5] S. L. Tong, and B. A. Jaafar, (2005). POME biogas capture, upgrading and utilisation. Proceeding of the PIPOC 2005 International Palm Oil Congress (chemistry and technology); pp. 328–36.
[6] J. Guo, and A. C. Lau (2002). “Characterization of adsorbent prepared from oil-palm shell by CO2 activation for removal of gaseous pollutants”. Materials letters; 55 (5): 334-339.
[7] J. Tan, (2007). Chemical Pre-treatment for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). M. Eng. Thesis, Universiti Technology Malaysia.
[8] M. I. A. Karim, and Lau L. H. (1987). The Use of Coagulant and Polymeric Flocculating Agent in the Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Biological Waste, 20: 209 – 218.
[9] J. Peter, S. Emma, P. Marc, M. Roger, A. P. Simon and J. Bruce (2012). Comparison of coagulation performance and floc properties using a novel zirconium coagulant against traditional ferric and alum coagulants.
[10] G. K. Folkard, J. Sutherland, R. Shaw, (2000). Water clarification using Moringa oleifera seed coagulant. On electronic products: http:www.Iboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/60.
[11] F. Renault, B. Sancey, P., M. Badot, G. Crini (2009). Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes – An eco-friendly approach. Polymer Journal 45: 1337–1348.
[12] B. Marcela and D. Petr (2006). Chitosan- A new type of polymer coagulant.
[13] P. Harish, K. V. Prashanth, R. N. Tharanathan (2007). Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited application—an overview. Trends Food Sci Technol; 18: 117–31.
[14] J. K. Fatombi, B. Lartiges, T. Aminou, O. Barres, C. Caillet (2013). A natural coagulant protein from copra (Cocos nucifera): isolation, characterization, and potential for water purification. Sep. Purif. Technol. 116: 35–40.
[15] C. M. Teixeira, F. V. Kirste, P. C. N. Teixeira (2012). Evaluation of Moringa oleifera seed flour as a flocculating agent for potential biodiesel producer microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 557–563.
[16] T. Jingxi, M. Jiang, H. Li , S. Zhang, X. Zhang (2015), A comparison between moringa oleifera seed presscake extract and polyaluminum chloride in the removal of direct black 19 from synthetic wastewater. Industrial Crops and Products (74) 530–534.
[17] S. Bhatia, Z. Othman and A. L. Ahmad (2007b). Coagulation–flocculation process for POME treatment using Moringa oleifera seeds extract: Optimization studies. Chemical Engineering Journal. 133(1): 205-212.
[18] A. M. Abdelaal, (2004). Using a natural coagulant for treating wastewater. Eighth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC8, Alexandria, Egypt.
[19] M. Syafalni, A. Rohana, A. Ismail & N. I. Aimi (2013). Wastewater treatment using bentonite, the combinations of bentonite-zeolite, bentonite-alum, and bentonite-limestone as adsorbent and coagulant. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(3): 379-391.
[20] P. Chantaraporn, M. Juntipa, I. Kanita and N. Boonyarit (2010). Pretreatment of palm oil mill effluent by electrocoagulation and coagulation. ScienceAsia (36) 142–149.
[21] APHA (2005). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington. 21st Edition.
[22] A. H. Mohd. & H. P. Mohd (2007). Pre-treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME): A Comparative Study Using Chitosan and Alum. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 19(2): 38-5.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Ibrahim Umaru. (2018). Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. International Journal of Engineering Management, 2(3), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba; Sule Abubakar; Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal; Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff; Ibrahim Umaru. Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. Int. J. Eng. Manag. 2018, 2(3), 67-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Sule Abubakar, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Ibrahim Umaru. Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant. Int J Eng Manag. 2018;2(3):67-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13,
      author = {Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba and Sule Abubakar and Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal and Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff and Ibrahim Umaru},
      title = {Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant},
      journal = {International Journal of Engineering Management},
      volume = {2},
      number = {3},
      pages = {67-75},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijem.20180203.13},
      abstract = {Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Wastewater Treatment Using Alum, the Combinations of Alum-Ferric Chloride, Alum-Chitosan, Alum-Zeolite and Alum- Moringa Oleifera as Adsorbent and Coagulant
    AU  - Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
    AU  - Sule Abubakar
    AU  - Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal
    AU  - Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff
    AU  - Ibrahim Umaru
    Y1  - 2018/12/17
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
    T2  - International Journal of Engineering Management
    JF  - International Journal of Engineering Management
    JO  - International Journal of Engineering Management
    SP  - 67
    EP  - 75
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-1568
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20180203.13
    AB  - Aluminium sulphate (alum), an inorganic salt, is the most widely used coagulant in wastewater treatment, due to its proven performance, cost-effectiveness and availability. However, the use of aluminium-based coagulant has become under scrutiny. Besides the large amount of sludge produced, high level of aluminium remaining in the treated water has raised concern on public health. Previous research has pointed out that the intake of large amount of aluminium salt may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. To reduce the large intake of aluminium salt in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME), this research examined the comparative suitability of alum and combinations of alum as the primary coagulant with other coagulants (ferric chloride, zeolite, chitosan and moringa oleifera) for the treatment of (POME) at optimum conditions of both coagulants. It also ascertain which combined coagulants with alum and an anionic polymer has the potential for higher pollutants removal. Results obtained revealed that, addition of 1 g/L of ferric chloride, 0.4 g/L chitosan and 1 g/L zeolite each to different dose of alum, were able to reduce alum dose from 4 g/L to 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 2 g/L. However, 2 g/L moringa oleifera addition could not reduce alum dose as high removal efficiencies for most parameters were obtained at 4 g/L alum + 2 g/L moringa oleifera.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Sections