| Peer-Reviewed

Determinants of Agro-pastoral Households' Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Awbare District, Fafan Zone of Somali State, Ethiopia

Received: 22 October 2021     Accepted: 16 November 2021     Published: 23 November 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Pastoralism and agro-pastoralism with extensive livestock production are the dominant livelihood sources for the Somali regional State's population. However, recent decades marked with climatic shocks such as recurrent drought have negatively impacted livestock production and forced many pastorals and agro-pastoral households to face livelihood crises. To cope with this situation, seeking alternative livelihood sources become inevitable. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of agro-pastoral household's livelihood diversification strategies in Awbare district, Fafan zone of the Somali State, Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to capture the necessary data, and 153 respondents were randomly selected from the agro-pastoral population using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, and key informant interview. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as ANOVA and chi-square and Multinomial logistic model were used to identify determinants factors. The study has revealed that 45.1% of the surveyed agro-pastoral households were engaging livelihood diversification of non-farm, off-farm, and farm+non-farm+off-farm whereas the rest of 54.90% of the respondents were unable to diversify and were practicing only farm activities. The multinomial regression model has identified that the educational status, farm size, use of agricultural farm input, and total annual income of the households were positively associated with the likelihood of engaging livelihood diversification strategies. In contrast, the age, dependent ratio, and access for credit use were negatively associated with the likelihood of livelihood diversification. In conclusion, livelihood diversification among Awbare agro-pastoralists was low due to underlying factors like education and income, and enchasing these factors could improve their livelihood asset. The study suggests that the future policy toward pastoral and agro-pastoralist should consider these factors.

Published in International Journal of Agricultural Economics (Volume 6, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13
Page(s) 256-263
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Agro-pastoralists, Livelihood, Determinants, Awbare, Somali State

References
[1] S. Dong, "Overview: Pastoralism in the world," in Building Resilience of Human-Natural Systems of Pastoralism in the Developing World: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Springer, Cham, 2016, pp. 1–37.
[2] P. Shukla, J. Skea, and E. C. Buendia, "IPCC, 2019: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food," 2019.
[3] M. Herrero et al., "Climate change and pastoralism: Impacts, consequences and adaptation," OIE Rev. Sci. Tech., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 417–433, Nov. 2016.
[4] A. Catley, J. Lind, and I. Scoones, "The futures of pastoralism in the Horn of Africa: Pathways of growth and change," OIE Rev. Sci. Tech., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 389–403, 2016.
[5] A. A. Mohamed, "Pastoralism and development policy in Ethiopia: a review study," Budapest Int. Res. Critics Institute-Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1–11, 2019.
[6] M. E. Ahmed and M. A. Bihi, "Indigenous Knowledge for Resilience and Adaptation in Pastoral Production System of Somali Regional State in Ethiopia," Interdiscip. Descr. Complex Syst., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 723–737, Jan. 2019.
[7] D. W. Sintayehu, G. Dalle, and A. F. Bobasa, "Impacts of climate change on current and future invasion of Prosopis juliflora in Ethiopia: environmental and socio-economic implications," Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 8, p. e04596, 2020.
[8] A. Wudad and A. Abdulahi, "Expansion of Prosopis Juliflora and Land use Land Cover change in Korahey Zone of Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia," 2021.
[9] A. Berhane and T. Tesfay, "Impact of El Niño and La Niña on Agriculture in Ethiopia: Implications for El Niño and La Niña Adaptation and Food Security in Ethiopia." Preprints, 03-Sep-2020.
[10] M. Worku and S. Sahile, "Review on the Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Climate Changes in Ethiopia," J. Climatol. Weather Forecast., vol. 06, no. 01, pp. 1–4, 2018.
[11] G. Pacillo et al., "Is climate a 'risk multiplier' in Ethiopia?," Sep. 2021.
[12] T. Ayele, D. Dedecha, and D. Duba, "The Impact of Climate Change on Pastoralist Livelihoods in Ethiopia: A Review," 2020.
[13] G. W. Gebru, H. E. Ichoku, and P. O. Phil-Eze, "Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia," Agric. Food Secur., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2018.
[14] B. Mintewab, G. Zenebe, G. Liyousew, and G. Kohlin, "Participation in off-farm employment, rainfall patterns, and rate of time preferences: the case of Ethiopia.," Environ. Dev. Discuss. Pap. Futur., no. 10–21, 2010.
[15] M. Abawa Tizazu, "Determinants of Rural Households Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Kuarit District, West Gojjam Zone of, Amhara Region, Ethiopia," Int. J. Econ. Behav. Organ., vol. 6, no. 3, p. 61, 2018.
[16] CSA, "Population and Housing Census Report. Ethiopia. Statistical Agency". Retrieved Nov 28, 2013(Doc\Reports\National_Statistical.pdf).,” 2007.
[17] T. Yamane, "Statistics: an introductory analysis, 2nd edn, Harper and Row, New York," 1967.
[18] F. K. Warren, "MR-2010G- Multinomial Models., Logit," 2010.
[19] A. Shimeles and D. Hailegiorgis, "Household level analysis of agro-pastorals' livelihood diversification strategies in Eastern Ethiopia," Ethiop. J. Environ. Stud. Manag., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2019.
[20] S. Khalil, M. Ali, and M. Memon, "Determinants of income diversification in flood-prone rural Pakistan," Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., vol. 50, Nov. 2020.
[21] E. Adugna and M. Sileshi, "Determinants of poverty in (agro-) pastoral societies of Southern Ethiopia," Livest. Res. Rural Dev., vol. 25, no. 2, Oct. 2013.
[22] A. M. Dinku, "Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Borena pastoralist communities of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia," Agric. Food Secur. 2018 71, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Jun. 2018.
[23] M. D. Ambachew and A. Ermiyas, "Determinants of rural household livelihood diversification strategy in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia," J. Agric. Econ. Ext. Rural Dev., vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 548–560, 2016.
[24] A. M. Dinku, "Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Borena pastoralist communities of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia," Agric. Food Secur., vol. 7, no. 1, Dec. 2018.
[25] A. Adepoju, O. O.-J. of D. and, and undefined 2013, "Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria," academicjournals.org, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 482–489, 2013.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Sadik Abdi Hirsi, Abdirahman Husein, Abdirahmaan Awmuuse. (2021). Determinants of Agro-pastoral Households' Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Awbare District, Fafan Zone of Somali State, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 6(6), 256-263. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Sadik Abdi Hirsi; Abdirahman Husein; Abdirahmaan Awmuuse. Determinants of Agro-pastoral Households' Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Awbare District, Fafan Zone of Somali State, Ethiopia. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2021, 6(6), 256-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Sadik Abdi Hirsi, Abdirahman Husein, Abdirahmaan Awmuuse. Determinants of Agro-pastoral Households' Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Awbare District, Fafan Zone of Somali State, Ethiopia. Int J Agric Econ. 2021;6(6):256-263. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13,
      author = {Sadik Abdi Hirsi and Abdirahman Husein and Abdirahmaan Awmuuse},
      title = {Determinants of Agro-pastoral Households' Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Awbare District, Fafan Zone of Somali State, Ethiopia},
      journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
      volume = {6},
      number = {6},
      pages = {256-263},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20210606.13},
      abstract = {Pastoralism and agro-pastoralism with extensive livestock production are the dominant livelihood sources for the Somali regional State's population. However, recent decades marked with climatic shocks such as recurrent drought have negatively impacted livestock production and forced many pastorals and agro-pastoral households to face livelihood crises. To cope with this situation, seeking alternative livelihood sources become inevitable. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of agro-pastoral household's livelihood diversification strategies in Awbare district, Fafan zone of the Somali State, Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to capture the necessary data, and 153 respondents were randomly selected from the agro-pastoral population using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, and key informant interview. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as ANOVA and chi-square and Multinomial logistic model were used to identify determinants factors. The study has revealed that 45.1% of the surveyed agro-pastoral households were engaging livelihood diversification of non-farm, off-farm, and farm+non-farm+off-farm whereas the rest of 54.90% of the respondents were unable to diversify and were practicing only farm activities. The multinomial regression model has identified that the educational status, farm size, use of agricultural farm input, and total annual income of the households were positively associated with the likelihood of engaging livelihood diversification strategies. In contrast, the age, dependent ratio, and access for credit use were negatively associated with the likelihood of livelihood diversification. In conclusion, livelihood diversification among Awbare agro-pastoralists was low due to underlying factors like education and income, and enchasing these factors could improve their livelihood asset. The study suggests that the future policy toward pastoral and agro-pastoralist should consider these factors.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Determinants of Agro-pastoral Households' Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Awbare District, Fafan Zone of Somali State, Ethiopia
    AU  - Sadik Abdi Hirsi
    AU  - Abdirahman Husein
    AU  - Abdirahmaan Awmuuse
    Y1  - 2021/11/23
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13
    T2  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
    JF  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
    JO  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
    SP  - 256
    EP  - 263
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-3843
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20210606.13
    AB  - Pastoralism and agro-pastoralism with extensive livestock production are the dominant livelihood sources for the Somali regional State's population. However, recent decades marked with climatic shocks such as recurrent drought have negatively impacted livestock production and forced many pastorals and agro-pastoral households to face livelihood crises. To cope with this situation, seeking alternative livelihood sources become inevitable. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of agro-pastoral household's livelihood diversification strategies in Awbare district, Fafan zone of the Somali State, Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to capture the necessary data, and 153 respondents were randomly selected from the agro-pastoral population using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, and key informant interview. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as ANOVA and chi-square and Multinomial logistic model were used to identify determinants factors. The study has revealed that 45.1% of the surveyed agro-pastoral households were engaging livelihood diversification of non-farm, off-farm, and farm+non-farm+off-farm whereas the rest of 54.90% of the respondents were unable to diversify and were practicing only farm activities. The multinomial regression model has identified that the educational status, farm size, use of agricultural farm input, and total annual income of the households were positively associated with the likelihood of engaging livelihood diversification strategies. In contrast, the age, dependent ratio, and access for credit use were negatively associated with the likelihood of livelihood diversification. In conclusion, livelihood diversification among Awbare agro-pastoralists was low due to underlying factors like education and income, and enchasing these factors could improve their livelihood asset. The study suggests that the future policy toward pastoral and agro-pastoralist should consider these factors.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia

  • Departme of Natural Resources Management, Kebridehar University, Kebridehar, Ethiopia

  • Department of Animal and Range Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia

  • Sections