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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Response of the Newly Released Shaga Rice Variety to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Vertisols of Fogera and Achefer Plain, North Western Ethiopia

Zelalem Tadesse*,  Habtamu Assega,  Christian Tafere
Published in International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 3)
Received: 25 April 2024    Accepted: 16 May 2024    Published: 6 June 2024
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Abstract

An experiment was conducted at Fogera and Achefer in the year 2020/21 and 2021/22 cropping seasons. Treatments were comprised of factorial combinations of five N levels (0, 92, 184, 276 and 368 kg ha-1) and four P2O5 levels (0, 23, 46 & 92 kg ha-1) replicated three times in RCB Design. The objective of the experiment was to determine economically optimum rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on yield and yield components of shaga rice variety. Data were collected on plant height, panicle length, number of tillers, number of fertile panicles, thousand seeds weight, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index. All collected data were subjected to analysis of variance. Economic analysis was also done for yield. The combined analysis of the two years result showed that very highly (P<0.001) significant effect on plant height, number of total tillers per row meter length. And number of fertile panicles per row meter length, grain yield, and straw yield. most of yield component parameters and highly significantly affecting number of filled grain per panicle and number of tillers per row meter length. The highest grain yield (4.76 and 6.56 t ha-1) was obtained at 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 in Fogera and Achefer, respectively. The economic analysis has exhibited that the combined application of 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 is the most profitable treatment, with a mean net benefit of 74430.00- and 115994.00-Birr ha-1 for Fogera and Achefer, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers at rates of 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 is the best recommended rate for rainfed lowland shaga rice variety in Fogera and Achefer plains and other similar agroecology.

Published in International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14
Page(s) 113-125
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Achefer, Economic Analysis, Fogera, Grain Yield, Low Land Rice, Shaga

1. Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most popular field crops among other cereals in the world, being cultivated in different agro-ecosystems. Rice serves as the staple food for the world’s half population
[11]
. Rice is a source of energy for major portion of the world’s population and ranks second after maize with respect to production
[28]
. Therefore, sustainable rice production is necessary to overcome food scarcity throughout the globe. Besides various abiotic stresses causing extensive losses to sustainable rice production, imbalanced nutrient, also leads to decreased grain yields, with marginal net returns
[49, 50]
.
The world average paddy rice productivity is about 4.6 tons ha-1
[12]
. The national average productivity of rice in Ethiopia is still however low about 2.8 t ha-1
[5]
. Weeds, pests, soil nutrient deficiencies and terminal moisture stress are the major causes of low rice productivity in Ethiopia
[13, 32]
. There are a number of agronomic management constraints with this crop. Rice is becoming a high potential crop and there is a lack of appropriate agronomic management recommendations that could help to maximize the productivity of the cultivation techniques in the study area.
Poor soil fertility is among the major factors limiting rice production in Ethiopia. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are applied as fertilizers in large quantities to rice fields, and a deficiency of either of the nutrients lead to yield losses
[45]
Nitrogen and phosphorus are often cited as the most limiting nutrients in agricultural soils of Ethiopia
[33]
. Appropriate fertilizer application is an important management practice to improve soil fertility and production of rice. Availability of plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen at various plant growth stages is of crucial importance in rice production
[6, 42]
Area specific recommendation of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer rate is vital for rice production in the study areas. This research was therefore conducted to determine economically optimum nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rate for Shaga rice variety in Fogera and Achefer Plain.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
Experiments were conducted at Fogera and Achefer, north western Ethiopia, in the year 2020/21 and 2021/22 production seasons. Fogera is located between Latitude 11°49’55 North and Longitude 37° 37′ 40 East at an altitude of 1815 meters above sea level. it receives average mean annual rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature of 1219 mm, 12.75°C and 27.37°C, respectively. On the other hand, North Achefer is found between Latitude 11°49’59.00 North and Longitude 37° 09′ 60.00 East at an altitude of ranging from 1500 to 1800 meters above sea level. The area receives an average annual rain fall ranging from 1000 to 1500 mm and the minimum and maximum daily temperature was 25°C and 30°C
[35]
.
The experimental sites soil was found to be heavy clay with pH of 5.89, and 5.6 Fogera and Achefer respectively and which is slightly acidic and it is a preferred range for most crops (Table 1). Total nitrogen content (%) was 0.12 for both districts, which is within the range of low levels (0.02-0.5%) for tropical soils. The organic matter content of the soil was 2.07 %, which is within a range of medium (2-4%) for Ethiopian soils as per criteria developed by
[34]
. The available P content of the experimental sites soil for Fogera and Achefer was 6.5 ppm, which lies in a range of deficiency (< 20-40 mg/kg) for most crops
[27]
. The CEC of the soil was (55.4 and 56.4 cmol kg-1 soils) for Fogera and Achefer respectively (Table 1). Soil pH was determined in a 1:2.5 soil-water suspension using a combination of glass electrode. Organic carbon was estimated by the wet digestion method
[36]
and organic matter was calculated by multiplying the percent organic carbon (OC) by a factor of 1.724.
Table 1. Relevant soil physicochemical properties of the experimental rice field before planting in Fogera and Achefer Plain of Ethiopia.

Fogera

Achefer

Soil properties

Units

Soil depth (0–20 cm)

Soil depth (0–20 cm)

Textural class

Heavy clay

Heavy clay

Chemical properties

pH (H2O) 1:2.5 g soil

1:2.5 g soil

5.89

5.6

Total nitrogen (TN)

%

0.12

0.12

Organic carbon (OC)

%

1.2

1.2

Organic matter (OM)

%

2.07

2.07

Available Phosphorus

Ppm

6.5

6.5

EC

(ds/m)

0.458

0.50

CEC

(Cmolec kg1)

55.4

56.4
EC = Electron conductivity; CEC = Cation exchange capacity; ppm = parts per million; Cmolec kg-1; =cent mol charge per kilogram; ds/m=deci Siemens per meter
2.2. Treatments and Experimental Design
The treatments were comprised of factorial combinations of five levels of N rates (0, 92, 184, 276 and 368 kg ha-1) and four levels of P2O5 rates (0, 23, 46 and 92 kg ha-1) in randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. The gross and net plot sizes were 4m x 3m (12 m2) and 3m x 2m (6 m2), with 1 m spacing between plots and blocks respectively. Treatments were assigned to each plot randomly. To control mixing of treatments, experimental plots were bunded manually. The New variety Shaga was used for this experiment.
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
Data were collected from a net plot size of 3m x 2m avoiding two rows from the left and two rows from the right as border rows and 50 cm from each of the top and bottom sides of the plots. Data collected include plant height, panicle length, number of total tillers, number of fertile panicles, number of filled grain /panicle, thousand seeds weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index. The plant height was taken at physiological maturity of the crop by selecting five random plants. Number of tillers was counted just before harvesting by using Ruler. The total sundried biomass of the harvested rice was recorded before threshing. The rice grain yield was adjusted at 14% standard moisture content. The harvest index was calculated as the ratio of grain yield to biological yield following the equation. Harvest index (%) = (Economic yield)/ (Biological yield) *100. All collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software version 9.0
[40]
. Wherever treatment differences are be found significant, mean separation of treatments would be calculated based on results of F-test and probability levels of 0.001, 0.01 and 0.05 depending on the results of the ANOVA. The prevailing cost of inputs and out puts in year 2022 considered for the analysis. The cost of Urea and NPS fertilizers for the stated period were Birr 31.94 and 44.25 per kg respectively. While the price of rice grain and straw were Birr 16.0 and 1.5 per kg, respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Plant Height
Results of the analysis of variance at Fogera on plant height indicated that very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effects of nitrogen rates, but not by phosphorous rates and their interaction (Table 2). The highest plant height (121.9 cm) was recorded at the highest nitrogen rate of 368 kg ha-1 followed by 276 and 184 kg ha-1 of N (119.7 and 117.5) which was statistically similar. While the lowest plant height (86.3 cm) was recorded at the control without N application (Table 2). In the case of Achefer, the analysis of variance indicated that plant height was very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effects of nitrogen and phosphorous rates but not their interaction (Table 3). Among the nitrogen rates, the highest plant height (100.2 cm) was recorded at the nitrogen rate of 276 kg ha-1 followed by 368 and 184 kg ha-1 of N (98.5 and 97.7 cm) which was statistically similar. While the lowest plant height (76.6 cm) was recorded at nil N application (Table 3). The result indicated that plant height increased significantly by increasing the amount of fertilizer. In line with the present findings,
[39]
had reported that different level of N caused significant difference in plant height, the height of plant found to increase from 60 kg-1 N to 120 kg N ha-1. The increase in plant height of rice in response to the increase of N fertilizer rates was probably due to enhanced availability of N, which enhanced further cell division and more leaf area that in turn resulted in higher photo assimilates and thereby resulted in more dry matter accumulation
[43]
.
[41]
observed a significant increase in plant height with the application of 46 and 69 kg N ha-1 over the control.
[19]
reported the tallest and the shortest plant height with 120 kg N ha-1 and without N application, respectively.
3.2. Panicle Length
The analysis of variance indicated that panicle length of rice was highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by the main effects of nitrogen rates, but not by phosphorous rates and their interaction in Fogera and Achefer (Tables 2 and 3). The highest panicle length (19.8 cm) exhibited at the rate of 368 kg ha-1 N followed by 276 and 184 kg ha-1 of N (19.0 and 19.1), respectively, and which was statistically similar (Table 2), whereas, the lowest panicle length (16.7 cm) was observed at the control without N fertilizer application. Where as in Achefer, the maximum panicle length (17.9 cm) was found with the application of 368 kg N ha-1 which was statistically at par with panicle length recorded at 276 and 184 kg N ha-1 (17.4 and 17.3 cm), respectively, whereas, the lowest panicle length was detected at 0 kg N ha-1 (Table 3). This result might be nitrogen takes part in panicle formation as well as panicle elongation and for this reason, panicle length increased with the increase of N fertilization. The findings of many authors had confirmed for the significant effect of nitrogen levels on panicle length
[10, 15, 39]
.
[39]
recorded highest panicle length with 180 kg N application while
[10]
stated nitrogen application of 210 kg ha-1 exhibited larger panicle length. Riste, K. et al.
[38]
stated that highest and significant panicle length (27.06 cm) was recorded with application of fertilizer dose at 60 kg N ha-1compared to the control without N fertilizer. On the other hand,
[33]
reported longest panicles of 20.19 cm at the rate of 46 kg N ha-1, while they noted shortest panicles in the control plots.
3.3. Number of Filled Grains Per Panicle
The analysis of variance indicated that number of filled grain per panicle was highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by the main effects of nitrogen in Fogera and Achefer but significantly (P<0.05) affected by phosphorus rate in Fogera. The interaction of nitrogen and Phosphorus rate was non-significant for both locations (Tables 2 and 3). In Fogera, application of 368 kg/ha of N resulted in maximum (109) filled grains per panicle followed by 276 and 184 kg N ha-1 (103 and 101) which was statistically similar. While the lowest number of filled grains per panicle (78) was recorded nil N application (Table 2), regarding to phosphorus, the highest number of Filled grains per panicle was observed from 46 kg/ha P2O5 (Table 2). In Achefer condition, the highest number of filled grains per panicle was observed from the highest nitrogen rate 368 kg/ha and followed by 276 and 184 kg N ha-1 (111, 106 and 106), respectively, which was statistically similar. The lowest number of filled grains per panicle (87) was recorded nil N application (Table 3). The result indicated that the highest number of filled grain per panicle obtained might be application of sufficient amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer produced a greater number of fertile panicles and leads to the formation of maximum number of spikelets per panicle. Sink size can be enhanced either by increasing the panicle number per m2 or the number of spikelets per panicle, or both. In agreement with the present findings,
[21]
had reported that, higher yield is generally achieved either by increasing panicles number per m2 or spikelet number per panicle. In addition, the performance of yield components varies across environments. And also nitrogen application had a significant effect on number of grain per panicle in rice. The greater number of grains panicle-1 at higher N rates were probably due to better N status of plant during panicle growth period
[14].
3.4. Number of Tillers Per Row Meter Length
The analysis of variance indicated that number of tillers per row meter length were highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by the main effects of nitrogen rates, but not by phosphorous rates and their interaction (Table 2). The highest number of tillers per row meter length (88) was recorded at the highest rate of 276 kg N ha-1 and followed by 368 kg N ha-1 (85), respectively. While the lowest number of total tillers (70) was observed from without N application (Table 2). In Achefer location, the number of tillers per row meter length was very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effects of nitrogen and significantly (P<0.05) affected by phosphorous rates but not their interaction (Table 3). The highest number of tillers per row meter length (112) was recorded at the highest rate of 276 kg N ha-1 and followed by 368 and 184 kg N ha-1 (111 and 107), respectively. While the lowest number of tillers per row meter length (77) was observed from the control treatment (without N fertilizer application) (Table 3). This result might be due to nitrogen promotes formation of the different organs in the rice plant as well as other physiological processes. N is the major component for the development of tillers, leaves and grains and promotes protein and carbohydrate synthesis. Similarly concluded that nitrogen application significantly increases the total tillers number. This result was supported by
[39]
obtained the highest total tillers for N at 120 kg ha-1 while
[7]
gained the largest tillers number at 210 Kg ha-1 N. Similar to the total number, the number of productive tillers depends on environmental conditions especially nutrient applications
[10, 15]
reported that fertile tillers of rice were increased significantly with increasing nitrogen levels from 0 to 220 kg N ha-1
3.5. Number of Fertile Panicles Per Row Meter Length
In the case of Fogera, the maximum number of fertile panicles per row meter length (86) was recorded at the rate of 276 kg ha-1 followed by (84) 368 kg ha-1. While the lowest number of fertile panicles (68) was observed from the control treatment (without N fertilizer application) (Table 2). The analysis of variance in Achefer indicated that the number of fertile panicles per row meter length was very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effects of nitrogen and significantly (P<0.05) affected by phosphorous rates but not by their interaction. The Maximum number of fertile panicles per row meter length (107) were recorded at the rate of 276 kg ha-1 followed by 368 and 184 kg ha-1 (104 and 101), respectively. While the lowest number of fertile panicles per row meter length (69) was observed from the control treatment (without N fertilizer application) (Table 3). This result might be due to the application of sufficient amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer enhanced for the formation of different organs in the rice plant and facilitates other physiological processes. In line with the present results, among the yield attributes, the number of productive tillers is an important agronomic trait, which finally determines the number of fertile panicles and grain yield per unit land area
[17]
. Application of NP fertilizers at optimum rates might result in superior growth and development that eventually reflected with significantly superior yield attributes
[25, 38]
. Inferior crop growth in the controls without NP applications might closely be associated with insufficient availability of NP below their optimal requirements
[38]
.
3.6. Thousand Grain Weight
The analysis of variance indicated that thousand grain weight of rice was very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effects of nitrogen for both Fogera and Achefer locations, whereas highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by phosphorous rates in Achefer only. Non-significant differences were observed for the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer rate in all locations (Tables 2 and 3). Significantly higher 1000-grain weight (27.6 g) was recorded from 276 kg/ha nitrogen rate and followed by 184 kg N ha-1 (26.4) which was statistically similar. While the lowest number of 1000 grain weight (22.2 g) was observed from the lowest nitrogen rates (0 kg N ha-1) and followed by 92 kg N ha-1 (22.8 g) (Table 2) in Fogera condition. On the other hand, the maximum 1000 grain weight in Achefer were observed from 184 kg/ha nitrogen rate and followed by 276 kg N ha-1 (27.1 and 26.3 g), respectively. The lowest thousand grain weight was recorded from 0 kg of nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased the 1000 grain’s weight. The possible reason behind this may be due to production of higher number of spikelets per panicle in the plants fertilized by nitrogen this caused the high sink capacity as compared to limited respective source, therefore, the grain filling was more and consequently the grain weight was high. The promoting effects of nitrogen on 1000-grain weight were reported by
[16, 31, 44]
. In conformity with the results of the present experiment,
[11, 22]
had reported grain weight is a genetically controlled trait, which is greatly influenced by environment during the process of grain filling, but it also appeared that the application of N increased the protein percentage, which in turn increased the grain weight.
3.7. Grain Yield
Grain yield of rice in Fogera area exhibited very highly significantly (P<0.001) responded to the main effect of nitrogen rates but not by phosphorous rates and their interaction. The highest grain yield (4.76 ton /ha) was obtained at nitrogen rate of 184 kg ha-1 N followed by nitrogen rates of 276 and 368 kg N ha-1 (4.62 and 4.57 ton /ha), respectively, which was statistically similar. (Table 2). While the lowest grain yield (2.15 t/ha) was recorded at the control without N application (Table 2). On the other hand, the analysis of variance in Achefer indicated that grain yield was very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effects of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer rates but significantly (P<0.05) affected by the interaction of the two (Table 3). Among the nitrogen rates the highest grain yield (6.56 ton/ha) was obtained at nitrogen rate of 184 kg ha-1 N, followed by 276 and 368 kg ha-1 N (6.23 and 5.23 ton/ha), respectively, while the lowest was noticed at 0 kg ha-1 N. In the case of the phosphorous rates, the highest grain yield (5.79 ton/ha) was exhibited at 46 kg ha-1 P2O5 (Table 3). With regard to the interaction effect, the highest grain yield was obtained at 184-46 N-P2O5 kg ha-1 (Table 3). The result indicated that the highest grain yield obtained might be attributed to the highest number of productive tillers, number of fertile grains per panicle, panicle length, 1000 grain weight and plant height that cumulatively increased the grain yield. Nitrogen and phosphorus are fundamental to crop development because they form the basic component of many organic molecules, nucleic acids and proteins
[48]
. The increase in the grain yield in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer could be attributed to the production of more productive tillers and fertile panicle numbers
[2]
. The results agree with the finding of
[1]
. The higher grain yield may be attributed due to better growth with higher nutrient availability and higher photosynthetic rate of the plants and more photosynthate partitioning into the reproductive parts. Different authors reported that nitrogen application increase the grain yield and largest values recorded at the nitrogen application treatment of 209- 220 kg N ha-1
[7, 10, 15]
. A bit differently,
[26]
reported highest mean grain yield of 10.5 t ha-1 at 300 kg ha-1 N treatment elaborating that as the N rates increased to 360 kg ha-1; mean grain yield decreased to 9.4 t ha-1. Optimum fertilizer level plays an important role in achieving crops potential yield. Among the fertilizer, N is most important for proper growth and development of rice
[39]
. The increase in grain yield might be due to nitrogen application enhancing the dry matter production, improving rice growth rate, promoting elongation of internodes and activity of growth hormones like gibberellins
[15]
Rice grain yield is determined by several agronomic characters such as heading days, days to maturity, grain filling period, number of productive tillers, number of fertile grains per panicle, panicle length, 1000 grain weight and plant height
[18].
3.8. Straw Yield
The result of the analysis of variance on rice straw yield in Fogera area was very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effect of Nitrogen rates but not by phosphorous rates and their interaction. (Table 2) Significantly higher straw yield (12.1 ton /ha) was obtained from maximum nitrogen rate of (368 kg/ha N) followed by 276 and 184 kg/ha N (11.9 and 11.8 ton/ha) respectively which was statistically similar. The lowest straw yield (5.54 ton/ha) were recorded from Zero N application (Table 2). In Achefer rice straw yield was very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effect of nitrogen and phosphorous rates but not by their interaction (Table 3) Significantly higher straw yield (16.76 ton /ha) was obtained from nitrogen rate of (184 kg/ha N) followed by 276 and 368 kg/ha N (16.47 and 16.31 ton/ha) respectively which was statistically similar. The lowest straw yield (5.30 ton/ha) were recorded from Zero N application (Table 3). This result might be due to the application of nitrogen fertilizer rate according to crop requirement increased the nitrogen absorption, consequently better utilization of applied nitrogen leads to higher yield attributes and finally resulted in higher grain and straw yields. Moreover, larger plant height, a greater number of total tillers per row meter length and greater panicle length might have contributed to increase in straw yield. This is in agreement with
[29]
who stated better straw yield could be explained as higher capability of rice to utilize more N through the expression of better growth by accumulating more plant dry biomass. The better grain and straw yields at the higher rates of N and P nutrients may be attributed to the fact that application of fertilizer may have resulted in optimum levels of nutrients for crop uptake and translocation to sink thereby expressing superior crop growth and development
[38]
. In support of the present finding,
[25]
stated that the grain and straw yields of rice increased up to application of 150:75 N-P2O5 kg ha-1.
[30]
had also reported that the grain and straw yields of upland rice were significantly affected and best at 60 N and 35 kg P kg ha-1.
3.9. Harvest Index
Harvest index was computed as the ratio of grain yield to the total above ground dry biomass yield. As revealed in the analysis of variance harvest index in Achefer Condition responded very highly significantly (P<0.001) affected by the main effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates but not by phosphorous. There is also a significant (P<0.05) difference observed from the interaction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus fertilizer (Table 3). The highest harvest index, among the nitrogen rates was recorded at 184 kg ha-1 N and the lowest Harvest index was recorded at 368 kg ha-1 N followed by 276 kg ha-1 N (Table 3) Harvest index in rice is closely related to the percentage or number of productive tillers. This result is in agreement with
[46]
) HI is a useful index in evaluating treatment effects in partitioning photo assimilates into grain within a given environment.
[9]
reported that HI changes with cultivar and with the environmental conditions during the reproductive growth stage. HI is an important plant trait for improving grain yield in cereals
[9]
. Furthermore, higher nitrogen use efficiency has also been observed in rice cultivars with high harvest index
[8]
. The HI values of modern crop cultivars are commonly higher than old traditional cultivars for major field crops
[3]
. Kebebew Assefa et al.
[23]
reported that upland rice yield can be significantly improved with developing genotypes of higher grain harvest index.
Table 2. Two years 2020/21 and 2021/22 combined analysis of N and P fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of Shaga rice variety in Fogera plain.

N level

Ph (cm)

Pl (cm)

Nfg/p

Nt/rml

Nfp/rml

Tgw (g)

Agy (t/ha)

Sy (t/ha)

Hi (%)

0

86.3c

16.7c

78b

70c

68c

22.2c

2.15c

5.54c

39.1

92

102.3b

17.9bc

97a

80b

77b

22.8cb

3.48b

9.22b

37.9

184

117.5a

19.1ba

101a

79b

78b

26.4a

4.76a

11.88a

40.1

276

119.7a

19.0ba

103a

88a

86a

27.6a

4.62a

11.97a

38.8

368

121.9a

19.8a

109a

85ba

84ba

24.4b

4.57a

12.13a

37.6

LSD (5%)

***

***

**

**

***

***

***

***

NS

P levels

0

108.5

18.6

99ba

77

75b

24.8

3.77

9.64

38.7

23

110.1

18.5

93b

83

81ba

24.8

3.91

9.99

39.4

46

108.0

18.3

108a

80

78ba

24.6

3.87

10.29

38.1

92

111.6

18.6

91b

82

80a

24.4

4.11

10.68

38.6

LSD (5%)

NS

NS

*

NS

*

NS

NS

NS

NS

N*P

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

CV (%)

8.80

12.19

25.69

16.25

16.10

12.18

21.4

19.7

9.71
Table 3. Two years 2020/21 and 2021/22 combined analysis of N and P fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of Shaga rice variety in Achefer plain.

N level

Ph (cm)

Pl (cm)

Nfg/p

Nt/rml

Nfp/rml

Tgw (g)

Agy (t/ha)

Sy (t/ha)

Hi (%)

0

76.6c

15.2b

87c

77c

69c

21.7c

1.83c

5.30c

35.4b

92

88.6b

15.6b

97c

99b

93b

23.9b

4.77b

12.06b

38.9a

184

97.7a

17.3a

106a

107ba

101ba

27.1a

6.56a

16.76a

39.4a

276

100.2a

17.4a

106a

112a

107a

26.3a

6.23a

16.47a

38.0a

368

98.5a

17.9a

111a

111ba

104ba

24.7b

5.23b

16.31a

32.5c

LSD (5%)

***

***

**

***

***

***

***

***

***

P levels

0

80.6b

16.4

107

93b

85b

24.0b

3.43c

9.20c

37.4

23

94.7a

16.9

100

105a

100a

25.0ba

4.95b

13.15b

37.0

46

95.3a

16.7

101

97ba

93ba

25.6a

5.79a

15.50a

37.1

92

98.6a

16.6

97

108a

102a

24.3b

5.52ba

15.68a

35.9

LSD (5%)

***

NS

NS

*

*

**

***

***

NS

N*P

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

*

NS

*

CV (%)

16.9

6.17

20.0

22.2

21.9

7.85

24.2

25.1

10.6
Ph = plant height (cm), Pl = panicle length (cm), Nt/rml =Number of tillers per row meter length, Nfp/rml= number of fertile panicle/row meter length2, Nfg/p= number of filled grain per panicle, Agy =Adjusted grain yield (t ha-1), Sy = straw yield (t ha-1), Tgw=thousand grain weight (g), Hi= harvest index (%), *** = very highly significant at P<0.001, highly significant at P<0.01 * = significant at P<0.05, ns = not significant at P≥0.05
3.10. Economic Analysis or Partial Budget Analysis
Based on the principles of economic analysis
[4]
, the minimum acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR%) should be 100%. The economic analysis was done on the basis of the prevailing prices of variable costs using the Ethiopian currency (Birr). The price of NPS and Urea fertilizer was 42.25 and 31.94 Birr per kg respectively. Moreover, the price of rice straw valued birr 15.00 per kg. In addition to this, the prices of seed for planting material during the cropping season were 16.00 birr per kg. Grain and straw yield adjustments, calculations of total variable costs (TVC), gross benefits (GB) and net benefits (NB) were performed (Tables 4 and 5) Dominance analysis was performed after arranging the treatments in their order of TVC (Tables 6 and 7). Treatments are considered as dominated if it has higher TVC but lower NB than a previous treatment with lower TVC and higher NB (Tables 6 and 7). Non dominated treatments were taken out and marginal rate of return (MRR) was computed (Tables 8 and 9). The economic analysis of the result of this experiment revealed that Highest NB (Birr 74430.00/ha-1 and 115994.28) with acceptable level of MRR (402.47 and 477.4) was observed at 184-46 N-P2O5 kg/ha in Fogera and Achefer respectively (Tables 8 and 9). In agreement to the present finding
[51]
reported that rice genotypes performed efficiently at 120 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 where highest paddy yield, net production value and profit were obtained.
Table 4. Results of grain and straw yield adjustments, total variable cost, gross and net benefit analysis at Fogera.

N kg/ha

P2O5 kg/ha

GY (t/ha)

AGY (t/ha)

SY (t/ha)

ASY (t/ha)

GB (Birr/ha)

TVC (Birr/ha)

NB (Birr/ha)

0

0

2.19

1.97

5.87

5.28

39445.0

0.0

39445.0

0

23

2.25

2.03

5.67

5.10

40072.2

2212.5

37859.7

0

46

1.94

1.74

4.87

4.38

34450.0

4425.0

30025.0

0

92

2.23

2.01

5.74

5.17

39879.6

8850.0

31029.6

92

0

3.64

3.27

9.42

8.48

65105.9

6388.0

58717.9

92

23

3.55

3.20

9.75

8.78

64334.2

8267.8

56066.4

92

46

3.41

3.07

9.09

8.18

61420.4

10147.6

51272.8

92

92

3.31

2.98

8.63

7.77

59330.0

13907.2

45422.8

184

0

4.40

3.96

10.88

9.79

77994.5

12776.0

65218.5

184

23

4.57

4.11

11.62

10.46

81520.7

14655.8

66864.9

184

46

5.12

4.61

12.74

11.46

90966.1

16535.6

74430.5

184

92

4.95

4.45

12.28

11.05

87803.6

20295.2

67508.5

276

0

4.60

4.14

11.45

10.31

81769.4

19164.0

62605.4

276

23

4.41

3.97

11.01

9.91

78367.9

21043.8

57324.1

276

46

4.13

3.72

11.98

10.78

75684.1

22923.6

52760.5

276

92

5.32

4.79

13.43

12.09

94718.3

26683.2

68035.1

368

0

4.00

3.60

10.59

9.53

71863.8

25552.0

46311.8

368

23

4.79

4.31

11.88

10.69

84944.7

27431.8

57512.9

368

46

4.74

4.26

12.76

11.49

85460.2

29311.6

56148.6

368

92

4.76

4.29

13.29

11.96

86511.1

33071.2

53439.9
Nitrogen (kg ha-1); P2O5 = Phosphorous rate (kg ha-1); TVC = Total variable cost (Birr ha-1) GY, grain yield (t ha-1) AGY = Adjusted grain yield (ton ha-1); SY = straw yield (ton ha-1) ASY = Adjusted straw yield (ton ha-1); GB = Gross benefit (Birr ha-1); NB = Net benefit (Birr ha-1)
Table 5. Results of grain and straw yield adjustments, total variable cost, gross and net benefit analysis at Achefer.

N kg/ha

P2O5 kg/ha

GY (t/ha)

AGY (t/ha)

SY (t/ha)

ASY (t/ha)

GB (Birr/ha)

TVC (Birr/ha)

NB (Birr/ha)

0

0

1.60

1438.74

4.12

3711.6

28587.2

0

28587.2

0

23

1.75

1570.59

5.24

4716

32203.4

2212.5

29990.9

0

46

1.82

1641.69

5.38

4841.1

33528.7

4425

29103.7

0

92

2.15

1935.36

6.46

5814.9

39688.1

8850

30838.1

92

0

3.29

2956.95

9.38

8445.6

59979.6

6388

53591.6

92

23

4.03

3628.62

10.68

9614.7

72480

8267.79

64212.2

92

46

6.50

5846.22

15.33

13796.1

114234

10147.6

104086

92

92

5.28

4748.4

12.86

11574.9

93336.8

13907.2

79429.6

184

0

4.69

4221.09

11.68

10515.6

83310.8

12776

70534.8

184

23

6.83

6150.15

17.24

15515.1

121675

14655.8

107019

184

46

7.41

6669.36

19.13

17213.4

132530

16535.6

115994

184

92

7.29

6559.47

19.00

17101.8

130604

20295.2

110309

276

0

4.40

3959.1

10.86

9775.8

78009.3

19164

58845.3

276

23

6.66

5993.64

17.46

15714

119469

21043.8

98425.5

276

46

6.56

5902.29

17.99

16186.5

118716

22923.6

95792.8

276

92

7.31

6575.22

19.57

17614.8

131626

26683.2

104943

368

0

3.16

2844.18

9.96

8961.3

58948.8

25552

33396.8

368

23

5.46

4912.83

15.12

13610.7

99021.3

27431.8

71589.5

368

46

6.68

6014.61

19.66

17690.4

122769

29311.6

93457.8

368

92

5.60

5041.26

20.49

18438.3

108318

33071.2

75246.5
Table 6. Result of Dominance analysis at Fogera.

N kg/ha

P2O5 kg/ha

TVC

NB

Dominance

0

0

0

39445

0

23

2213

37860

D

0

46

4425

30025

D

92

0

6388

58718

92

23

8268

56066

D

0

92

8850

31030

D

92

46

10148

51273

D

184

0

12776

65219

92

92

13907

45423

D

184

23

14656

66865

184

46

16536

74430

276

0

19164

62605

D

184

92

20295

67508

D

276

23

21044

57324

D

276

46

22924

52760

D

368

0

25552

46312

D

276

92

26683

68035

D

368

23

27432

57513

D

368

46

29312

56149

D

368

92

33071

53440

D
N = Nitrogen rates (kg ha-1); P2O5= Phosphorous rates (kg ha-1); TVC= Total variable cost (Birr ha-1); GB = Gross benefit (Birr ha-1); NB = Net benefit (Birr ha-1) D = Dominance.
Table 7. Result of Dominance analysis at Achefer.

N kg/ha

P2O5 kg/ha

TVC

NB

Dominance

0

0

0.00

28587.24

0

23

2212.50

29990.94

0

46

4425.00

29103.69

D

92

0

6388.00

53591.60

92

23

8267.79

64212.18

0

92

8850.00

30838.11

D

92

46

10147.58

104086.09

184

0

12776.00

70534.84

D

92

92

13907.16

79429.59

D

184

23

14655.79

107019.26

184

46

16535.58

115994.28

276

0

19164.00

58845.30

D

184

92

20295.16

110309.06

D

276

23

21043.79

98425.45

D

276

46

22923.58

95792.81

D

368

0

25552.00

33396.83

D

276

92

26683.16

104942.56

D

368

23

27431.79

71589.54

D

368

46

29311.58

93457.78

D

368

92

33071.16

75246.45

D
Table 8. Result of Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) Analysis at Fogera.

N kg/ha

P2O5 kg/ha

TVC

NB

MRR

0

0

0

39445

92

0

6388

58718

301.7

184

0

12776

65219

101.76

184

23

14656

66865

87.58

184

46

16536

74430

402.47
Table 9. Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) Analysis at Achefer.

N kg/ha

P2O5 kg/ha

TVC

NB

MRR

0

0

0

28587

0

23

2213

29991

63.44

92

0

6388

53592

565.2

92

23

8268

64212

565

92

46

10148

104086

2121

184

23

14656

107019

65.06

184

46

16536

115994

477.4
N = Nitrogen rates (kg ha-1); P2O5 = Phosphorous rates (kg ha-1); TVC= Total variable cost (Birr ha-1); GB = Gross benefit (Birr ha-1); NB = Net benefit (Birr ha-1) MRR% = Marginal rate of return.
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
The growth, yield components and yield of shaga rice variety responded more to nitrogen than phosphorus fertilizer. In this study, number of panicles per row meter length, and number of filled spikelets per panicle as well as panicle length were the most important yield forming attributes causing significant variation in grain yield of rice. Panicle length contributed to grain yield increment indirectly by increasing the number of spikelets per panicle. The results of two years experiment indicated that combined application of 184-46 N-P2O5 kg ha-1 is the best treatment giving higher productivity and economic profitability. From the findings of the present experiment, highest mean net benefit of (Birr 74430.00 and 115994 ha-1) was obtained from nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers at rates of 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 in Fogera and Achefer district respectively. It is thus concluded that application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers at rates of 184-46 N P2O5 kg ha-1 is the best recommended for rainfed lowland Shaga rice variety in Fogera plain and other similar agro-ecologies.
Abbreviations

CIMMY

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

CSA

Central Statistical Agency

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FAOSTAT

Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics

MoARD

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

NADoA

North Achefer District Office of Agriculture
Author Contributions
Zelalem Tadesse: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Habtamu Assega: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Supervision, Visualization
Christian Tafere: Data curation, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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    Tadesse, Z., Assega, H., Tafere, C. (2024). Response of the Newly Released Shaga Rice Variety to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Vertisols of Fogera and Achefer Plain, North Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 10(3), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14

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    Tadesse, Z.; Assega, H.; Tafere, C. Response of the Newly Released Shaga Rice Variety to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Vertisols of Fogera and Achefer Plain, North Western Ethiopia. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2024, 10(3), 113-125. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14

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    AMA Style

    Tadesse Z, Assega H, Tafere C. Response of the Newly Released Shaga Rice Variety to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Vertisols of Fogera and Achefer Plain, North Western Ethiopia. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2024;10(3):113-125. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14,
  author = {Zelalem Tadesse and Habtamu Assega and Christian Tafere},
  title = {Response of the Newly Released Shaga Rice Variety to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Vertisols of Fogera and Achefer Plain, North Western Ethiopia
},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {113-125},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20241003.14},
  abstract = {An experiment was conducted at Fogera and Achefer in the year 2020/21 and 2021/22 cropping seasons. Treatments were comprised of factorial combinations of five N levels (0, 92, 184, 276 and 368 kg ha-1) and four P2O5 levels (0, 23, 46 & 92 kg ha-1) replicated three times in RCB Design. The objective of the experiment was to determine economically optimum rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on yield and yield components of shaga rice variety. Data were collected on plant height, panicle length, number of tillers, number of fertile panicles, thousand seeds weight, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index. All collected data were subjected to analysis of variance. Economic analysis was also done for yield. The combined analysis of the two years result showed that very highly (P-1) was obtained at 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 in Fogera and Achefer, respectively. The economic analysis has exhibited that the combined application of 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 is the most profitable treatment, with a mean net benefit of 74430.00- and 115994.00-Birr ha-1 for Fogera and Achefer, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers at rates of 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 is the best recommended rate for rainfed lowland shaga rice variety in Fogera and Achefer plains and other similar agroecology.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Response of the Newly Released Shaga Rice Variety to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Vertisols of Fogera and Achefer Plain, North Western Ethiopia

AU  - Zelalem Tadesse
AU  - Habtamu Assega
AU  - Christian Tafere
Y1  - 2024/06/06
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 113
EP  - 125
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20241003.14
AB  - An experiment was conducted at Fogera and Achefer in the year 2020/21 and 2021/22 cropping seasons. Treatments were comprised of factorial combinations of five N levels (0, 92, 184, 276 and 368 kg ha-1) and four P2O5 levels (0, 23, 46 & 92 kg ha-1) replicated three times in RCB Design. The objective of the experiment was to determine economically optimum rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on yield and yield components of shaga rice variety. Data were collected on plant height, panicle length, number of tillers, number of fertile panicles, thousand seeds weight, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index. All collected data were subjected to analysis of variance. Economic analysis was also done for yield. The combined analysis of the two years result showed that very highly (P-1) was obtained at 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 in Fogera and Achefer, respectively. The economic analysis has exhibited that the combined application of 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 is the most profitable treatment, with a mean net benefit of 74430.00- and 115994.00-Birr ha-1 for Fogera and Achefer, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers at rates of 184-46 N- P2O5 kg ha-1 is the best recommended rate for rainfed lowland shaga rice variety in Fogera and Achefer plains and other similar agroecology.

VL  - 10
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

  • Zelalem Tadesse

    Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Fogera National Rice Research and Training Centre, Fogera, Ethiopia

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  • Habtamu Assega

    Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Fogera National Rice Research and Training Centre, Fogera, Ethiopia

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  • Christian Tafere

    Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Fogera National Rice Research and Training Centre, Fogera, Ethiopia

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  • Abstract
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  • Document Sections

    1. 1. Introduction
    2. 2. Materials and Methods
    3. 3. Results and Discussion
    4. 4. Conclusion and Recommendation
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  • Abbreviations
  • Author Contributions
  • Conflicts of Interest
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