Abstract
Ethiopia faces a pressing issue of pedestrian safety exacerbated by rapid urbanization and inadequate infrastructure. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic accidents are a leading cause of death globally, with pedestrians particularly vulnerable. In Ethiopia, over 60% of road traffic fatalities involve pedestrians, emphasizing the urgent need for effective safety measures. The population of Mattu Town is predicted to rise from 28,782 in 2007 to 130,027 in 2023, illustrating the difficulties that many developing-nation metropolitan regions encounter. The town's pedestrian infrastructure is characterized by poorly maintained sidewalks, insufficient signage, and a notable absence of traffic signals. This has resulted in 24 pedestrian fatalities and 51 injuries over the past three years, underscoring the critical need for improved safety measures. The study aims to evaluate the performance of existing pedestrian safety facilities, including sidewalks, crosswalks, signage, and traffic signals, to identify areas for improvement. A mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis from pedestrian accident reports and traffic volume counts with qualitative surveys assessing pedestrian perceptions and behaviors. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for quantitative data and Excel for organizing and visualizing survey results. The research questions focus on the effectiveness of current facilities, factors contributing to pedestrian accidents, and the perceptions of pedestrians regarding safety measures. The general objective is to create a safer pedestrian environment, while specific objectives include assessing the effectiveness of existing facilities and identifying contributing factors to accidents. Results indicate that inadequate infrastructure significantly contributes to pedestrian accidents in Mattu Town. Key findings reveal that areas with poorly marked crosswalks and inadequate lighting correspond with higher accident rates. Additionally, surveys show a lack of awareness among drivers and pedestrians regarding existing safety measures. This study is important because it tackles the pressing need for pedestrian safety in a rapidly urbanizing setting, aiming to enhance the quality of life for residents and inform local policies. By identifying deficiencies in pedestrian infrastructure and proposing targeted interventions, the study seeks to foster a pedestrian-friendly environment that encourages walking as a viable and safe mode of transportation. This research will serve as a valuable resource for urban planners and policymakers, contributing to the evolution of sustainable and livable communities in Ethiopia.
Keywords
Mattu Town, Pedestrian Safety, Performance Evaluation, Safety Facilities, Urbanization
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
Globally, pedestrian safety remains a critical issue as road traffic accidents threaten public health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2023 report, road traffic crashes are a leading cause of death and injury, claiming an estimated 1.19 million lives in 2021 alone. Even more concerning for children and young people aged 5 to 29, traffic injuries are the primary cause of death
. These statistics emphasize the critical need for well-designed and well-maintained pedestrian infrastructure to foster safer walking environments in towns and cities worldwide.
In many African countries, it is common to find roads without sidewalks, poor road markings, congested roads with motorists, vendors, and pedestrians fighting for space, and a lack of streetlights to enhance pedestrian safety and security at night
. Tanzania is among the African countries facing high rates of deaths and injuries due to road accidents
. The challenge is more pronounced in developing countries, where the infrastructure is often inadequate. On a daily basis, road traffic crashes cause an average of 13 fatalities and 37 injuries in Ethiopia, with Addis Ababa accounting for 10% of the deaths and 26% of the injuries despite having 56% of the registered vehicles in the country
.
In Ethiopia, most daily trips are made on foot for different purposes, just as in many other low-income, developing countries. A pedestrian-friendly environment plays a vital role in encouraging walking as a mode of travel, and this will prove health and environmental benefits
| [5] | Alemgena, H., E. T. Quezon, and T. Kumela, Investigation of Pedestrian Safety Problems and Its Countermeasures: A Case Study in Nekemte City, Ethiopia. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research, 2018. 8(2): p. 264858. https://doi.org/10.20372/nadre/4253 |
[5]
. Ethiopia, a rapidly urbanizing nation, faces significant challenges in ensuring pedestrian safety. The rapid expansion of urban areas often outpaces the development of necessary infrastructure, leading to unsafe conditions for pedestrians. This issue is particularly evident in towns like Mattu, located in the Illubabor zone of the Oromia region. Mattu Town has experienced substantial population growth, rising from 28,782 in 2007 to an estimated 130,027 by 2023, according to the Mattu Town Administration in 2023. This rapid growth has increased pedestrian traffic and emphasized the urgent need for effective safety facilities.
Currently, the pedestrian infrastructure in Mattu Town is severely lacking. The town is characterized by limited signage, poorly maintained crosswalks, and a notable absence of traffic signals. These deficiencies create confusion and danger for pedestrians, who must navigate the town's roadways under hazardous conditions. Over the past three years, the Mattu Town Police Commission has reported 24 pedestrian fatalities, 51 pedestrians were injured, and the economic implications of traffic accidents cost of damage was about more than one million Ethiopian Birr (ETB) due to traffic accidents, demonstrating the critical need for improved safety measures.
Walking and public transport dominate the transportation landscape in Mattu Town, with approximately 85% of all trips being made by foot or public transportation. This high reliance on pedestrian movement emphasizes ensuring safe and accessible pathways. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 40% of all road traffic deaths in Africa involve pedestrians, making pedestrian road accidents a leading cause of fatalities and disabilities in sub-Saharan Africa
. In this regard, the importance of effective pedestrian safety facilities cannot be overstated.
The existing infrastructure in Mattu Town exacerbates the risk of accidents. Sidewalks are often encroached upon by vendors or are poorly maintained, forcing pedestrians to share the road with vehicles, significantly increasing their risk of accidents. In addition, the lack of clear and visible crosswalks and insufficient lighting further compromises pedestrian safety. Vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities, are particularly at risk due to these infrastructural shortcomings
| [6] | Tulu, G. S., et al. Why are pedestrian crashes so different in developing countries? A review of relevant factors in relation to their impact in Ethiopia. in Australasian Transport Research Forum 2013 Proceedings. 2013. Australasian Transport Research Forum. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63789/ |
[6]
. The failure to address these issues not only endangers lives but also discourages walking as a viable mode of transportation, essential for fostering a healthy and active community. According to the Addis Ababa Traffic Management Agency, pedestrians make up over 54% of all traffic participants but account for 86% of all road fatalities, emphasizing the urgent need for improved pedestrian safety measures across the country
| [7] | Addis Ababa and Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Making a strong commitment to pedestrians with a focus on children. 2021. www.visionzeroforyouth.org |
[7]
.
This research evaluates the performance of existing pedestrian safety facilities in Mattu Town. By examining the visibility, condition, and effectiveness of sidewalks, crosswalks, signage, and traffic signals, the study seeks to identify areas for improvement. Furthermore, it aims to fill existing research gaps by exploring the relationship between pedestrian behavior and environmental factors, ultimately contributing to developing evidence-based recommendations for enhancing pedestrian safety in Mattu Town.
In Africa, over 80% of products and people are transported by road, and in Ethiopia, road transport accounts for over 90% of freight and passenger movements in the country. However, the rapid development of road transportation has led to an increase in road traffic accidents, which have resulted in deaths, injuries, and A road traffic accident (RTA) is incident on a public street or road that results in one or more injuries or fatalities and involves at least one moving vehicle. As a result, a road traffic accident (RTA) is defined as a collision involving automobiles, vehicles and pedestrians, vehicles and animals, or vehicles
| [8] | Opiew, B. O., Study on pedestrian rolling gap crossing behavior at intersection crosswalks: a case study of Gambella town. American journal of traffic and transportation engineering, 2023. 8(3): p. e49-e49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtte.20230803.11 |
[8]
. Thus, investigating pedestrian safety issues in Mattu Town is vital for protecting its residents' lives and is crucial to developing sustainable and livable urban spaces. This study's findings will inform policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders, enabling them to implement targeted interventions that address the specific safety needs of pedestrians in rapidly urbanizing areas like Mattu Town.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
The safety of pedestrians in urban environments is a pressing global concern with far-reaching consequences. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2023 report on global road safety, pedestrian fatalities constitute a substantial portion of road traffic injuries, particularly among children and young adults
. Less attention to pedestrian facilities significantly affects traffic flow
. Based on WHO research, 40% of deaths in vehicle accidents in Africa involve pedestrians, with pedestrian road accidents being the leading cause of fatalities and disabilities in sub-Saharan Africa
. Ethiopia presents a particularly concerning case within Africa, as a national study revealed that pedestrians comprise over 60% of road traffic fatalities in the country
. This statistic underscores the urgent need for interventions to improve pedestrian safety in Ethiopia.
In developing countries, pedestrian crashes were becoming an increasing public health issue. The problem of pedestrian crashes was severe in Ethiopia too. For instance, 1,296 pedestrians were killed and 3,003 pedestrians were injured during the 2007 E.C. in Ethiopia (Federal Police Commission of Ethiopia report, 2008)
.
Within Ethiopia, towns like Mattu Town exemplify these challenges on a smaller scale. Mattu Town is experiencing rapid growth, with a burgeoning population and increasing traffic volume. This growth has placed a significant strain on its existing infrastructure, particularly its pedestrian safety facilities. Over the past three years, the town has reported 24 pedestrian fatalities and 51 injuries, emphasizing the critical need for effective safety measures to protect vulnerable road users. The current state of pedestrian infrastructure in Mattu Town is inadequate, characterized by limited signage, poorly maintained crosswalks, and a lack of traffic signals, which creates confusion and danger for pedestrians navigating the town's roadways.
The road safety problem in Africa is highly complicated due to various factors, including insufficient policies and strategies to protect vulnerable road users. Inadequate urban planning and a lack of investment in pedestrian infrastructure contribute to the high rates of pedestrian accidents
| [6] | Tulu, G. S., et al. Why are pedestrian crashes so different in developing countries? A review of relevant factors in relation to their impact in Ethiopia. in Australasian Transport Research Forum 2013 Proceedings. 2013. Australasian Transport Research Forum. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63789/ |
[6]
. Emphasizes that pedestrian safety remains an important concern for engineers and behavioral scientists, who must focus on enhancing safety through sustainable road facilities and improving road user behavior
. This lack of focus on pedestrian needs not only leads to physical injuries and fatalities but also discourages residents from walking, a healthy and environmentally friendly mode of transportation.
Despite recent developments in pedestrian sidewalks, a comprehensive evaluation of their effectiveness in promoting safety has not been conducted. Many sidewalks are often encroached upon by vendors or poorly maintained, forcing pedestrians into traffic lanes and significantly increasing their risk of accidents. The lack of adequate pedestrian safety infrastructure poses a significant threat to the well-being of residents, particularly vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities.
In summary, this research aims to fill existing gaps in understanding pedestrian behavior and its relationship with environmental factors, The study will evaluate the performance of existing pedestrian safety facilities in Mattu Town, focusing on the visibility, condition, and effectiveness of sidewalks, crosswalks, signage, and traffic signals. By identifying areas for improvement, this research seeks to contribute to the development of evidence-based recommendations for creating a safer pedestrian environment in Mattu Town.
1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General Objectives
The general objective of this study is to assess the performance of existing pedestrian safety facilities in Mattu town to create a safer and more pedestrian environment for residents.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives
1. To assess the effectiveness of existing pedestrian safety facilities in reducing accidents and improving pedestrian safety.
2. To identify potential factors contributing to pedestrian accidents and propose mitigation strategies.
3. To evaluate the overall pedestrian experience and satisfaction with the existing safety facilities.
1.4. Scope of the Research
This research evaluates pedestrian safety facilities in Mattu Town, focusing on infrastructure such as sidewalks, crosswalks, signage, and traffic signals. It aims to analyze their impact on pedestrian accident rates and safety perceptions along a 2.3-kilometer main road with high pedestrian traffic. Data will be collected using quantitative methods like accident analysis and pedestrian counts, alongside qualitative approaches such as surveys and stakeholder interviews.
2. Materials and Research Methodology
2.1. Study Area
Mattu Town, located in the Illubabor Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia, approximately 600 km from Addis Ababa, has a population of 130,027, with a notable urbanization trend and inadequate pedestrian safety infrastructure. This study focuses on key areas along a 2.3-kilometer main road that experience high pedestrian traffic, where limited signage, poorly maintained crosswalks, and a lack of traffic signals pose risks to pedestrians. This research evaluates pedestrian facilities and their impact on safety, offering evidence-based recommendations to improve infrastructure and promote safer urban environments
.
2.2. Study Design
The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate pedestrian safety facilities in Mattu Town. Quantitative data will include pedestrian and vehicle counts, as well as accident statistics, while qualitative insights will be gathered through questionnaires assessing pedestrians' perceptions of safety. A structured questionnaire utilizing a five-point Likert scale will quantify opinions on pedestrian infrastructure, and direct measurements of facilities will ensure accurate assessments. This comprehensive strategy aims to provide a holistic understanding of pedestrian safety, ultimately informing evidence-based recommendations for infrastructure improvements.
The flow chart of the research is shown as follows.
Figure 2. Research design diagram.
2.3. Data Source and Collection
The data collection process for this research will involve both primary and secondary data-gathering methods to ensure a comprehensive analysis of pedestrian safety in Mattu Town.
2.4. Sampling Design
Sampling design is a systematic plan for obtaining a sample from a given population, outlining the techniques and procedures the researcher will adopt in selecting items for analysis. This section discusses the components of the sampling design, including the population or universe, sampling frame, sampling unit, sampling techniques, and sample size.
2.4.1. Population or Universe
The population under investigation for this study includes the residents of Mattu Town, which has a total population of 130,027 as of 2023. Approximately 85% of this population relies on walking as their primary mode of transport, making pedestrians the focal point of this research.
2.4.2. Sampling Frame
The sampling frame comprises all pedestrians in Mattu who utilize pedestrian facilities across various environments, including commercial, residential, and market areas. This comprehensive frame ensures that a diverse range of pedestrian experiences is captured in the research.
2.4.3. Sampling Unit
The sampling units for this study are defined as pedestrians located within Mattu Town. This includes a diverse group of individuals—residents, workers, students, and visitors—who use pedestrian facilities. By focusing on these units, the study aims to reflect varied interactions with road environments and provide insights into pedestrian safety challenges.
2.4.4. Sampling Techniques
A purposive sampling method will be employed within a non-probability sampling framework to deliberately select road sections with high pedestrian traffic from various land use types to gather vital information for addressing the research questions. Additionally, probability sampling techniques will be used to select respondents from the pedestrian population to ensure a representative sample.
2.4.5. Sample Size
Given the large sampling frame exceeding 130,027 individuals, the Cochran formula will be utilized for sample size determination. A stratified random sampling approach will ensure that different segments of the pedestrian population are adequately represented in the study, allowing for comprehensive analysis and insights into pedestrian safety in Mattu Town.
The sample size for the questionnaire survey will be determined using the Cochran formula
| [13] | Yucra, W. and F. Sobero, Guía Metodológica para la Implementación de Recorridos Virtuales Interactivos de Adolescentes Mediante la Fotogrametría como Medio de Acceso al Patrimonio Cultural. Revista peruana de computación y sistemas, 2022. 4: p. 15-29. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpcs.v4i2.24854 |
[13]
.
(1)
Where:
n is the sample size.
𝑁 is the population size.
Z is the Z-value (the number of standard deviations from the mean), which corresponds to the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for 95% confidence level).
𝑝 is the estimated proportion of the population that has the attribute in question (use 0.5 if unknown, as this maximizes the sample size).
𝑒 is the margin of error (the desired level of precision, e.g., 0.05 for ±5%)
Rounding up, the required sample size is approximately 384 pedestrians or users of station facilities in Mattu Town.
2.5. Study Variables
2.5.1. Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is the effectiveness of existing pedestrian safety facilities, assessed through reductions in pedestrian accidents and improvements in user safety and satisfaction in Mattu Town.
2.5.2. Independent Variables
Independent variables include the quality of pedestrian infrastructure (sidewalks, crosswalks, traffic signals), pedestrian and driver behavior, traffic volume, and speed. Additionally, demographic factors (age, mobility) and environmental conditions (lighting, weather) will be analyzed to understand their impact on pedestrian safety and accident rates.
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Pedestrian and Vehicle Volume Analysis
3.1.1. Pedestrian Volume
The pedestrian volume data collected over three days indicates many pedestrians in Mattu Town, particularly during peak hours. The total pedestrian volume for the three days was 45881, Tuesday 12526, Thursday 15507, and Saturday 17848. The lowest volume was observed on Tuesday with 12526 pedestrians and the highest on Saturday with 17848 pedestrians.
3.1.2. Vehicle Classification and Count
Counting was done at 15-minute intervals between morning (6 am) and evening (6 pm). The peak hours were 6 am-9 am and 4 pm-6 pm.
The vehicle classification data shows the mix of vehicles present in Mattu Town during the observation period. The total vehicle counts for each day are not provided in the given data, but the table indicates that the data was collected for the following vehicle types. Passenger Cars, Motorcycles, Buses, Light Trucks, Heavy Trucks and Trailers.
3.2. Level of Service (LOS) in Mattu Town
3.2.1. Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS)
The pedestrian level of service (PLOS) in Mattu Town is evaluated based on pedestrian flow counts conducted at 15-minute intervals during peak hours, relative to the capacity of sidewalks. The PLOS is expressed as the volume-to-capacity ratio (V/C). According to the Highway Capacity Manual
, the volume-to-capacity ratio is a critical measure for assessing the performance of pedestrian facilities, indicating how well the available pedestrian infrastructure accommodates foot traffic.
Table 1. Pedestrian Volume in Three Survey Results.
Day | Pedestrian volume (PV) |
Tuesday, June 18,24 | 12,526 |
Thursday, June 20,24 | 15,507 |
Saturday, June 22,24 | 17,848 |
PCU Values as Recommended by (ERA)
, recommend PCU values which were produced by the East African Transport Facilitation Strategy for countries in East Africa. The manual provides PCU for both motorized and non-motorized vehicle classes as shown in
Table 2.
Table 2. PCU of non-motorized and mortised small vehicles.
All based on Passenger Car | 1.00 |
Pedestrian | 0.15 |
Bicycle | 0.20 |
Motor cycle | 0.35 |
Bicycle with trailer | 0.35 |
Motor cycle taxi | 0.40 |
Motorcycle with trailer | 0.45 |
Small animal-drawn cart | 0.70 |
Bullock cart | 2.00 |
To calculate the PLOS, we first establish the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) value for pedestrians, which is 0.15 according to the Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA). The total pedestrian flow recorded on specific days was as follows:
Table 3. Pedestrian Passenger Car Unit Value.
Day | Pedestrian volume (PV) | Passenger Car Unit (PCU) value |
Tuesday, June 18,24 | 12,526 | 12,526 × 0.15 = 1,878.9 |
Thursday, June 20,24 | 15,507 | 15,507 × 0.15 = 2,326.05 |
Saturday, June 22,24 | 17,848 | 17,848 × 0.15 = 2,677.2 |
The width of the sidewalks determines the capacity of the pedestrian facility. Given that Mattu Town’s sidewalks are 3.6 meters wide, the total capacity can be estimated as follows:
Capacity (C) = 1,000 pedestrians/hour/m × 3.6 m = 3,600 pedestrians/hour
PLOS Calculation using the formula:
(2)
Table 4. Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS).
Day | PCU value | PCU/C | LOS |
Tuesday, June 18,24 | 1,878.9 | 1,878.9/3,600 = 0.522 | D |
Thursday, June 20,24 | 2,326.05 | 2,326.05/3,600 = 0.646 | D |
Saturday, June 22,24 | 2,677.2 | 2,677.2/3,600 =0.744 | E |
Based on this analysis, LOS D on Tuesdays and Thursdays indicates approaching unstable conditions, reducing pedestrian comfort. LOS E on Saturdays signifies high congestion, making walking uncomfortable and difficult. While the situation is not yet critical, proactive measures should be implemented to enhance pedestrian conditions and prevent further deterioration.
3.2.2. Vehicle Level of Service (VLOS)
The Vehicle Level of Service (VLOS) in Mattu Town is assessed based on vehicle counts conducted at 15-minute intervals during peak hours. The vehicle classifications and counts for three days are summarized as follows:
Table 5. Vehicle Classification and Volume in Three Survey Results.
Vehicle Type | Tuesday (June 18) | Thursday (June 20) | Saturday (June 22) |
Passenger Cars | 617 | 660 | 950 |
Bajaj | 5,476 | 5,044 | 6,264 |
Motorcycles | 315 | 432 | 584 |
Buses | 128 | 132 | 249 |
Light Trucks | 134 | 208 | 283 |
Heavy Trucks | 96 | 119 | 210 |
Trailers | 36 | 34 | 42 |
According to the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM)
, the assessment of vehicle counts, and classification is essential for evaluating the performance of transportation facilities and determining the appropriate level of service. The HCM provides methodologies for analyzing traffic flow and understanding how various factors, such as vehicle type and volume, impact overall traffic conditions.
Using the PCU values recommended by the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA), we calculate the total PCU for each vehicle type on each day.
Table 6. Vehicle Passenger Car Unit Value.
Vehicle Type | PCU Value | Tuesday (PCU) | Thursday (PCU) | Saturday (PCU) |
Passenger Cars | 1.0 | 617 | 660 | 950 |
Bajaj | 0.4 | 2,190.4 | 2,017.6 | 2,505.6 |
Motorcycles | 0.25 | 78.75 | 108 | 146 |
Buses | 1.0 | 128 | 132 | 249 |
Light Trucks | 1.0 | 134 | 208 | 283 |
Heavy Trucks | 1.0 | 96 | 119 | 210 |
Trailers | 1.0 | 36 | 34 | 42 |
Total PCU Calculation | 3,250.15 | 3,278.6 | 4,385.6 |
VLOS Calculation using the formula:
(3)
Assuming an average roadway capacity (C) of 1,200 vehicles per hour:
Table 7. Vehicle Level of Service (PLOS).
Day | PCU value | PCU/C | LOS |
Tuesday, June 18,24 | 3,250.15 | 3,250.15/1,200 = 2.71 | F |
Thursday, June 20,24 | 3,278.6 | 3,278.6/1,200 =2.73 | F |
Saturday, June 22,24 | 4,385.6 | 4,385.6/1,200 = 3.65 | F |
The Vehicle Level of Service in Mattu Town indicates that the roadways are operating well above their capacity, consistently falling into the LOS F category. This suggests a highly congested situation with severe delays for all vehicle types. To improve the VLOS, it is essential to consider infrastructure enhancements, traffic management strategies, and potential roadway expansions to accommodate the growing volume of vehicles.
3.2.3. Summary
The combined assessment of Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) and Vehicle Level of Service (VLOS) in Mattu Town is increasing congestion and mobility challenges. PLOS D on Tuesdays and Thursdays indicates approaching unstable conditions, reducing pedestrian comfort, while PLOS E on Saturdays signifies high congestion, making walking difficult. Similarly, VLOS analysis reveals rising traffic congestion, further complicating pedestrian movement and safety. Although the situation is not yet critical, proactive interventions such as expanding sidewalks, improving crossings, and enforcing traffic regulations are essential to enhance mobility, ensure pedestrian safety, and prevent further deterioration.
3.3. Analysis of Pedestrian Accident Data
The analysis of pedestrian accident data in Mattu Town from 2021/22 to 2023/24 reveals significant trends in pedestrian safety. In 2021/22, there were 10 accidents, with a high fatality rate of 40%. This increased sharply in 2022/23, with 28 accidents and a fatality rate of 53.6%. However, in 2023/24, accidents decreased to 13, with a fatality rate of 38.5%, suggesting that safety measures implemented after the previous year's spike were effective. Despite this improvement, the average fatality rate over the three years remained around 47%, indicating ongoing challenges in pedestrian safety that require further intervention.
Figure 3. Analysis of Pedestrian Accident Data.
3.4. Effectiveness of Existing Pedestrian Safety Facilities
3.4.1. Sidewalks
Figure 4. Impact of vendors on pedestrian sidewalks.
The condition of sidewalks in Mattu Town poses significant risks to pedestrians, as many are too narrow or in disrepair, obstructed by poorly placed utility poles and vendors. This encroachment leaves little room for safe navigation, forcing pedestrians to squeeze through tight spaces or step into the street, increasing the likelihood of accidents. Additionally, uneven or damaged surfaces heighten the risk of trips and falls, particularly for vulnerable groups like the elderly and individuals with disabilities. The lack of formal regulations for vendors exacerbates these issues, highlighting the need for better urban planning to ensure safe and accessible pedestrian pathways.
Open ditches and poorly positioned electric poles pose serious hazards on pedestrian pathways, particularly for individuals with disabilities. Electric poles obstruct tactile paving, hindering navigation for visually impaired pedestrians, while open ditches create tripping risks for those with mobility challenges. These issues highlight the need for careful urban planning and collaboration among city planners and utility companies to ensure safe, accessible pedestrian infrastructure.
Figure 5. Electric Poles and Ditch on Disability Infrastructures.
Obstructions on pedestrian sidewalks in Mattu Town, such as uneven surfaces and poorly placed utility poles, significantly compromise safety and mobility. These conditions increase the risk of trips and falls, particularly for vulnerable groups like the elderly and individuals with disabilities. Addressing these issues through improved surfaces and better infrastructure placement is crucial for enhancing pedestrian safety and accessibility.
Figure 6. Bad surface condition and badly located utility poles.
3.4.2. Crosswalks
Figure 7. Invisible crosswalk.
The pedestrian infrastructure in Mattu Town is severely lacking, with only 33 designated crosswalks that are not equipped with any signage. This absence of visibility and proper marking leads to confusion for both pedestrians and drivers, increasing the risk of accidents at critical crossing points. The limited availability and poor visibility of crosswalks contribute to pedestrians resorting to jaywalking, particularly in high-traffic areas. To enhance safety, there is an urgent need for well-marked and visible crosswalks that facilitate safer road crossings for pedestrians.
3.4.3. Traffic Signage
Mattu Town's pedestrian safety infrastructure is severely inadequate, with only 13 traffic signs—mostly stop signs—and no traffic signals at critical intersections. This lack of signage fails to guide drivers and pedestrians effectively, leading to unsafe crossing conditions. The absence of comprehensive traffic control measures highlights a significant infrastructure gap that endangers pedestrian safety.
3.5. Factors Contributing to Pedestrian Accidents
The analysis of pedestrian accidents in Mattu Town identifies key factors affecting safety, including driver behavior, pedestrian habits, and environmental conditions. High-risk areas like Art Kilo and near Mattu University experience heavy foot traffic and vehicle congestion, necessitating targeted interventions to enhance safety.
3.5.1. Driver Behavior and Attitudes
Driver behavior is a significant factor in pedestrian safety, with many drivers neglecting to yield at crosswalks. While they believe they drive at appropriate speeds, distractions like mobile phone use are common, raising safety concerns. Reckless driving and speeding further increase risks, underscoring the need for improved traffic enforcement and education to protect pedestrians.
Figure 8. Driver Behavior and Attitudes.
3.5.2. Pedestrian Behavior and Attitudes
Pedestrian behavior is crucial in understanding accident causation. Survey results indicate a concerning attitude toward safe crossing practices; while many respondents use pedestrian crossings when available, a notable percentage do not consistently adhere to designated points. The mean score on risk-taking behaviors suggests an awareness of unsafe practices, such as using mobile phones while crossing and not waiting for appropriate signals. This underscores the need for public awareness campaigns to educate pedestrians on safe crossing practices.
Figure 9. Pedestrian Behavior and Attitudes.
3.5.3. Environmental Factors
Environmental factors significantly affect pedestrian safety in Mattu Town, with survey respondents viewing existing land uses as unfriendly to pedestrians. Concerns about street designs that do not prioritize safety and insufficient green spaces were common. Many expressed a desire for the local government to focus on pedestrian-oriented development. These findings highlight the need for improved urban design, including more pedestrian-friendly environments, increased green spaces, and safer street layouts to enhance accessibility and reduce pedestrian accident risks.
Figure 10. Environmental Factors.
3.6. Pedestrian Experience and Satisfaction
3.6.1. Safety Perceptions
Survey responses indicate that many pedestrians in Mattu Town feel unsafe due to inadequate infrastructure and high traffic volumes. A significant number express concerns about safety while navigating the streets, with low evaluations of the visibility and maintenance of pedestrian crossings and sidewalks.
3.6.2. Satisfaction Levels
Survey results show low satisfaction with pedestrian facilities in Mattu Town, with calls for better lighting, clearer crosswalks, and stricter traffic law enforcement, highlighting the need for infrastructure improvements to enhance safety and usability.
Figure 11. Pedestrian Experience and Satisfaction.
3.7. Recommendations for Improvement
To enhance pedestrian safety in Mattu Town, a comprehensive approach is recommended, including infrastructure improvements, policy enforcement, and future research directions. Key infrastructure upgrades should focus on improving sidewalks by addressing narrow widths and obstructions, increasing the number of clearly marked and well-lit crosswalks in high-risk areas, and installing more traffic signs for better guidance. Policy measures should include stricter enforcement of traffic laws, community awareness campaigns to educate drivers and pedestrians about safe practices, and prioritizing pedestrian-oriented development in urban planning. Additionally, establishing a system for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of safety measures and exploring innovative solutions like advanced traffic management systems will be essential.
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
4.1. Conclusion
The research on pedestrian safety and traffic conditions in Mattu Town reveals critical insights into the challenges and opportunities for improving road safety, especially at urban intersections. Key findings include:
1. Influencing Factors: Pedestrian safety is affected by driver behavior, pedestrian characteristics, vehicle factors, road environment, and socio-economic elements.
2. Intersection Risks: Urban intersections pose higher risks for pedestrian-vehicle collisions due to factors like vehicle speed and visibility.
3. Infrastructure Needs: The study emphasizes the importance of well-designed and maintained pedestrian facilities, as issues like narrow sidewalks and poor lighting contribute to unsafe conditions.
4. Public Awareness: Education campaigns are essential to improve awareness of road safety rules among both drivers and pedestrians.
5. Multifaceted Approach: Enhancing pedestrian safety requires addressing infrastructural deficiencies alongside behavioral factors.
6. Urban Planning Integration: Pedestrian safety should be part of broader urban planning strategies that consider sustainable development and public health.
7. Community Involvement: Engaging residents in the design and implementation of safety initiatives ensures culturally appropriate solutions.
4.2. Recommendation
To enhance pedestrian safety in Mattu Town, the following recommendations are proposed:
1. Immediate Infrastructure Improvements: Sidewalks should be widened and maintained to accommodate increasing pedestrian volumes and improve PLOS. Adequate street lighting and pedestrian crossings, such as zebra crossings, bridges, and underpasses, should be installed in high-traffic areas. Accessibility features like tactile paving and ramps must be incorporated for individuals with disabilities.
2. Traffic Calming Measures: Speed bumps, raised intersections, and roundabouts should be implemented near schools, markets, and hospitals to reduce vehicle speeds and enhance pedestrian safety. Pedestrian-priority zones in commercial areas must be designated to separate foot traffic from vehicles. Intelligent traffic management systems, such as adaptive traffic signals, should be introduced to balance pedestrian and vehicle flow efficiently.
3. Public Education Campaigns: Nonawareness programs should target both drivers and pedestrians, emphasizing the use of designated crossings and adherence to traffic rules. Workshops in schools and workplaces must promote safe walking and driving habits. Digital and media campaigns through radio, television, and social media should be implemented to educate the public on road safety.
4. Strengthened Law Enforcement: Traffic law enforcement should be enhanced with strict penalties for violations such as speeding, illegal parking, and jaywalking. Automated systems like speed cameras and red-light cameras must be deployed to deter traffic offenses. Designated pedestrian safety officers should be assigned to high-risk locations to ensure compliance with traffic regulations.
5. Comprehensive Urban Planning: Pedestrian safety should be integrated into road design and traffic management through collaboration among engineers, planners, and public health experts. A pedestrian-friendly urban plan must prioritize mixed-use development and ensure safe walking conditions. Green spaces and resting areas should be increased along sidewalks to enhance comfort and encourage walking.
6. Further Research and Data Collection: Detailed studies should be conducted to understand the specific needs of different pedestrian groups for targeted interventions. A real-time pedestrian traffic monitoring system must be established to analyze movement patterns and safety concerns. Additionally, the impact of climate and weather conditions on pedestrian safety should be investigated to develop effective seasonal adaptation strategies.
7. Funding Opportunities: Grants, public-private partnerships, and international aid should be explored to secure financial resources for infrastructure upgrades. Corporate sponsorship of pedestrian safety projects, such as improved signage and crossings, must be encouraged. Additionally, incentive programs for local businesses should be developed to support pedestrian-friendly infrastructure.
8. Pedestrian Safety Action Plan: A structured plan with clear objectives, timelines, and performance indicators should be developed to improve pedestrian safety and enhance PLOS and VLOS. A pedestrian safety task force must be established to oversee implementation and assessment. Additionally, an annual pedestrian safety audit should be introduced to evaluate infrastructure performance and refine improvement strategies.
9. Emergency Response and Medical Support: Improve emergency response systems by increasing the availability of first aid stations and rapid medical assistance near high-risk pedestrian areas. Train community members and traffic police in basic first aid for accident victims.
Abbreviations
ERA | Ethiopian Roads Authority |
ETB | Ethiopian Birr |
HCM | Highway Capacity Manual |
LOS | Level of Service |
PCU | Passenger Car Unit |
PLOS | Pedestrian Level of Service |
PV | Pedestrian Volume |
RTA | Road Traffic Accident |
VLOS | Vehicle Level of Service |
WHO | World Health Organization |
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to Mattu University for support throughout this research. Special thanks go to my advisors, Dr. Tarekegn Kumala and Eng. Fikedu Rage, for their invaluable guidance, encouragement, and expertise, which greatly contributed to the successful completion.
Author Contributions
Solomon Desalegn Alemu is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
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APA Style
Alemu, S. D. (2025). Performance Evaluation of the Pedestrian Safety Facilities in Mattu Town. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 11(2), 58-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12
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Alemu, S. D. Performance Evaluation of the Pedestrian Safety Facilities in Mattu Town. Int. J. Archit. Arts Appl. 2025, 11(2), 58-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12
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AMA Style
Alemu SD. Performance Evaluation of the Pedestrian Safety Facilities in Mattu Town. Int J Archit Arts Appl. 2025;11(2):58-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12
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@article{10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12,
author = {Solomon Desalegn Alemu},
title = {Performance Evaluation of the Pedestrian Safety Facilities in Mattu Town
},
journal = {International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {58-70},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaaa.20251102.12},
abstract = {Ethiopia faces a pressing issue of pedestrian safety exacerbated by rapid urbanization and inadequate infrastructure. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic accidents are a leading cause of death globally, with pedestrians particularly vulnerable. In Ethiopia, over 60% of road traffic fatalities involve pedestrians, emphasizing the urgent need for effective safety measures. The population of Mattu Town is predicted to rise from 28,782 in 2007 to 130,027 in 2023, illustrating the difficulties that many developing-nation metropolitan regions encounter. The town's pedestrian infrastructure is characterized by poorly maintained sidewalks, insufficient signage, and a notable absence of traffic signals. This has resulted in 24 pedestrian fatalities and 51 injuries over the past three years, underscoring the critical need for improved safety measures. The study aims to evaluate the performance of existing pedestrian safety facilities, including sidewalks, crosswalks, signage, and traffic signals, to identify areas for improvement. A mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis from pedestrian accident reports and traffic volume counts with qualitative surveys assessing pedestrian perceptions and behaviors. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for quantitative data and Excel for organizing and visualizing survey results. The research questions focus on the effectiveness of current facilities, factors contributing to pedestrian accidents, and the perceptions of pedestrians regarding safety measures. The general objective is to create a safer pedestrian environment, while specific objectives include assessing the effectiveness of existing facilities and identifying contributing factors to accidents. Results indicate that inadequate infrastructure significantly contributes to pedestrian accidents in Mattu Town. Key findings reveal that areas with poorly marked crosswalks and inadequate lighting correspond with higher accident rates. Additionally, surveys show a lack of awareness among drivers and pedestrians regarding existing safety measures. This study is important because it tackles the pressing need for pedestrian safety in a rapidly urbanizing setting, aiming to enhance the quality of life for residents and inform local policies. By identifying deficiencies in pedestrian infrastructure and proposing targeted interventions, the study seeks to foster a pedestrian-friendly environment that encourages walking as a viable and safe mode of transportation. This research will serve as a valuable resource for urban planners and policymakers, contributing to the evolution of sustainable and livable communities in Ethiopia.
},
year = {2025}
}
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Performance Evaluation of the Pedestrian Safety Facilities in Mattu Town
AU - Solomon Desalegn Alemu
Y1 - 2025/04/22
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12
DO - 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12
T2 - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
JF - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
JO - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
SP - 58
EP - 70
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2472-1131
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251102.12
AB - Ethiopia faces a pressing issue of pedestrian safety exacerbated by rapid urbanization and inadequate infrastructure. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic accidents are a leading cause of death globally, with pedestrians particularly vulnerable. In Ethiopia, over 60% of road traffic fatalities involve pedestrians, emphasizing the urgent need for effective safety measures. The population of Mattu Town is predicted to rise from 28,782 in 2007 to 130,027 in 2023, illustrating the difficulties that many developing-nation metropolitan regions encounter. The town's pedestrian infrastructure is characterized by poorly maintained sidewalks, insufficient signage, and a notable absence of traffic signals. This has resulted in 24 pedestrian fatalities and 51 injuries over the past three years, underscoring the critical need for improved safety measures. The study aims to evaluate the performance of existing pedestrian safety facilities, including sidewalks, crosswalks, signage, and traffic signals, to identify areas for improvement. A mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis from pedestrian accident reports and traffic volume counts with qualitative surveys assessing pedestrian perceptions and behaviors. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for quantitative data and Excel for organizing and visualizing survey results. The research questions focus on the effectiveness of current facilities, factors contributing to pedestrian accidents, and the perceptions of pedestrians regarding safety measures. The general objective is to create a safer pedestrian environment, while specific objectives include assessing the effectiveness of existing facilities and identifying contributing factors to accidents. Results indicate that inadequate infrastructure significantly contributes to pedestrian accidents in Mattu Town. Key findings reveal that areas with poorly marked crosswalks and inadequate lighting correspond with higher accident rates. Additionally, surveys show a lack of awareness among drivers and pedestrians regarding existing safety measures. This study is important because it tackles the pressing need for pedestrian safety in a rapidly urbanizing setting, aiming to enhance the quality of life for residents and inform local policies. By identifying deficiencies in pedestrian infrastructure and proposing targeted interventions, the study seeks to foster a pedestrian-friendly environment that encourages walking as a viable and safe mode of transportation. This research will serve as a valuable resource for urban planners and policymakers, contributing to the evolution of sustainable and livable communities in Ethiopia.
VL - 11
IS - 2
ER -
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