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Hazard Indices and Age Group Parameters of Powder Milk Consumed in Iraq

Received: 27 August 2017     Accepted: 9 September 2017     Published: 17 November 2017
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Abstract

The specific activities of natural and artificial radionuclides in powder milk consumed by adult and infant were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy (HPGe detector). The radium equivalent activity (Raeq), internal hazard index (Hin) were also calculated together with the parameters dependent on the age group such as; annual effective dose from ingested foods (Eing), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Five radionuclides (212Pb, 214Pb, 228Ac, 40K, 137Cs) were detected in the studied samples, with low specific activates ranged from (B. D. L) to (5.44±2.33, 2.37±1.53, 1.85±1.36, 284.87±16.87, 3.99±1.99) Bq/kg respectively, besides some samples didn’t have any radionuclide or have one only. All the calculated values are less than the average worldwide, except the annual effective dose from ingested foods. In general, the results showed good agreement with the previous studies. This is meant that the analyzed milk is safe for human consumption because their levels of radioactivity are less than the global limits.

Published in Higher Education Research (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.her.20170205.11
Page(s) 117-122
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Milk, Radionuclides, Hazard Indices, Specific Activity, Age Group, HPGe Detector

References
[1] Marth E. H., "Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products", Fourteenth Edition, published by American Public Health Association, Washington (1978).
[2] Vosniakos F. K., Moumtzi A., Kesidou A., Ganatsios S., Bizopoulos A., and Karakoltsidis P. A., "Transfer of 131I and 137Cs from cow milk to cheese and other products", Aust. J. Dairy Technol, Vol. 44, pp. 44-46 (1989).
[3] Buldini. P. L., Cavalli. S., and Sharma. J. L., "Matrix removal for the ion chromatographic determination of some trace elements in milk", Microchem Journal, Vol. 72, pp. 277–284 (2002).
[4] Quindos. L. S., Fenandez. P. L. & Soto. J.,‖ Natural radioactivity in Spanish soil", Health Physics, Vol. 66, 194-200 (1994).
[5] Vera Tome. F., BlancoRodriguez M. P., Lozano. J. C.,"Soil-to-Plant transfer factor for natural radionuclides and stable element in medoterranean area", J. Environ. Radioact., Vol. 65, pp. 161–175 (2003).
[6] J. H. Al-Zahrani, " Natural Radioactivity and Heavy Metals in Milk Consumed in Saudi Arabia and Population Dose Rate Estimates", Life Science Journal, Vol. 9 (2), pp. 651-656 (2012).
[7] IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency, " measurement of Radiation in Food and the Environment", Technical Reports Series 295, Vinna (1989).
[8] Jose A., Jorge J., Cleomacio M., Sueldo V. and Romilton dos S., "Analysis of the 40K Levels in Soil using Gamma Spectrometry". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology Journal, Vol. 48, pp. 221-228 (2005).
[9] Mahur A. K., Kumer R., Sonkawade R. G., Sengupta D., and Prasad R.," Measurements of Natural Radioactivity and Radon Exhalation Rate from Rock Samples of Jaduguda Uranium Mines and its Radiological Implications", Nucl Instrum Method Phys Res, Vol. 266, pp. 1591-1597 (2008).
[10] Ali A. A., Hussain H. A., Lubna A. A.," Determination of natural radiation contamination for some types of legumes available in the Iraqi markets", Advance in Applied Science Research, Vol. 4 (5), pp. 250-254 (2013).
[11] Jibiri N. N. and Okusanya A. A., "Radionuclide contents in food products from domesticand imported sources in Nigeria", J. Radiol. Pro, Vol. 28, pp. 405-413 (2008).
[12] Al-Ghamdi A. H, "Activity Concentrations and Mean Annual Effective Dose of Spices Food Consumed by Inhabitants of Saudi Arabia", Journal of American Science, Vol. 10 (11), pp. 164-168 (2014).
[13] UNSCEAR) "United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, Report to the General Assembly. Annex B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources", New York (2000).
[14] Kant, Gupta, Kumari, Gupta, Garg,"Natural radioactivity in Indian vegetation samples", International Journal of Radiation Research, Vol. 13 (2), pp. 143-150 (2015).
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  • APA Style

    Hassan Abid-Al Ammer, Nada Farhan Kadhim, Mahmood Salim Karim, Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. (2017). Hazard Indices and Age Group Parameters of Powder Milk Consumed in Iraq. Higher Education Research, 2(5), 117-122. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20170205.11

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    ACS Style

    Hassan Abid-Al Ammer; Nada Farhan Kadhim; Mahmood Salim Karim; Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. Hazard Indices and Age Group Parameters of Powder Milk Consumed in Iraq. High. Educ. Res. 2017, 2(5), 117-122. doi: 10.11648/j.her.20170205.11

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    AMA Style

    Hassan Abid-Al Ammer, Nada Farhan Kadhim, Mahmood Salim Karim, Ali Abdulwahab Ridha. Hazard Indices and Age Group Parameters of Powder Milk Consumed in Iraq. High Educ Res. 2017;2(5):117-122. doi: 10.11648/j.her.20170205.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.her.20170205.11,
      author = {Hassan Abid-Al Ammer and Nada Farhan Kadhim and Mahmood Salim Karim and Ali Abdulwahab Ridha},
      title = {Hazard Indices and Age Group Parameters of Powder Milk Consumed in Iraq},
      journal = {Higher Education Research},
      volume = {2},
      number = {5},
      pages = {117-122},
      doi = {10.11648/j.her.20170205.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20170205.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.her.20170205.11},
      abstract = {The specific activities of natural and artificial radionuclides in powder milk consumed by adult and infant were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy (HPGe detector). The radium equivalent activity (Raeq), internal hazard index (Hin) were also calculated together with the parameters dependent on the age group such as; annual effective dose from ingested foods (Eing), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Five radionuclides (212Pb, 214Pb, 228Ac, 40K, 137Cs) were detected in the studied samples, with low specific activates ranged from (B. D. L) to (5.44±2.33, 2.37±1.53, 1.85±1.36, 284.87±16.87, 3.99±1.99) Bq/kg respectively, besides some samples didn’t have any radionuclide or have one only. All the calculated values are less than the average worldwide, except the annual effective dose from ingested foods. In general, the results showed good agreement with the previous studies. This is meant that the analyzed milk is safe for human consumption because their levels of radioactivity are less than the global limits.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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    T1  - Hazard Indices and Age Group Parameters of Powder Milk Consumed in Iraq
    AU  - Hassan Abid-Al Ammer
    AU  - Nada Farhan Kadhim
    AU  - Mahmood Salim Karim
    AU  - Ali Abdulwahab Ridha
    Y1  - 2017/11/17
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20170205.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.her.20170205.11
    T2  - Higher Education Research
    JF  - Higher Education Research
    JO  - Higher Education Research
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    EP  - 122
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-935X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20170205.11
    AB  - The specific activities of natural and artificial radionuclides in powder milk consumed by adult and infant were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy (HPGe detector). The radium equivalent activity (Raeq), internal hazard index (Hin) were also calculated together with the parameters dependent on the age group such as; annual effective dose from ingested foods (Eing), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Five radionuclides (212Pb, 214Pb, 228Ac, 40K, 137Cs) were detected in the studied samples, with low specific activates ranged from (B. D. L) to (5.44±2.33, 2.37±1.53, 1.85±1.36, 284.87±16.87, 3.99±1.99) Bq/kg respectively, besides some samples didn’t have any radionuclide or have one only. All the calculated values are less than the average worldwide, except the annual effective dose from ingested foods. In general, the results showed good agreement with the previous studies. This is meant that the analyzed milk is safe for human consumption because their levels of radioactivity are less than the global limits.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Department of Physics, College of Education, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

  • Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq

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