Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria

Onu Euslar Nnenna; Ilang Donatus Chukwuma; Eze Blessing; Onu Henrrienta Chinaemerem; Obaji Ezekiel Amuche

doi:doi:10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11

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Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria

Onu Euslar Nnenna^*

, Ilang Donatus Chukwuma, Eze Blessing, Onu Henrrienta Chinaemerem, Obaji Ezekiel Amuche

Published in Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 12, Issue 4)

Received: 13 September 2026 Accepted: 27 September 2026 Published: 23 October 2026

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Abstract

This research paper was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates which were obtained in the hospital wastewater of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AE-FETHA). The bacterial isolates were identified using selective culture media, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The findings revealed that the most common pathogens in the hospital wastewater were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp. The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest and all the isolates were resistant to pefloxacin, 60% to gentamicin, and 80 percent to rifampicin. The isolates of Escherichia coli had 100% resistance to pefloxacin, Ampiclox, and Amoxicillin and 75% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Salmonella spp. had 100% resistance to Ampiclox and Amoxicillin, 66.7% resistance to Zithromax and 100% resistance to rifampicin. Shigella spp. was 100 percent resistant to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin and half of the isolates were resistant to Zithromax. These results revealed that multidrug resistance in hospital wastewater is very high and thus there is a call to enhance infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and wastewater management behaviors in hospitals and antimicrobial resistance patterns should be monitored regularly to reduce the diffusion of the resistant pathogen.

Published in	Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 12, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11
Page(s)	58-65
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacteriology, Antibiotic, Susceptibility, Profile, Wastewater

References

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[13]	Mahmoud Bali University of Gabès, Wiem mbarki, Boulanouar Lissir, (2025). Advanced Oxidation Processes and Treatment Strategies for Hospital Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review. Comprehensive Review. Engineering Science & Technology 7(1): 144-155 https://doi.org/10.37256/est.7120268992
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APA Style

Nnenna, O. E., Chukwuma, I. D., Blessing, E., Chinaemerem, O. H., Amuche, O. E. (2026). Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 12(4), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11

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ACS Style

Nnenna, O. E.; Chukwuma, I. D.; Blessing, E.; Chinaemerem, O. H.; Amuche, O. E. Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2026, 12(4), 58-65. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11

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AMA Style

Nnenna OE, Chukwuma ID, Blessing E, Chinaemerem OH, Amuche OE. Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Front Environ Microbiol. 2026;12(4):58-65. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11

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@article{10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11,
  author = {Onu Euslar Nnenna and Ilang Donatus Chukwuma and Eze Blessing and Onu Henrrienta Chinaemerem and Obaji Ezekiel Amuche},
  title = {Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {58-65},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20261204.11},
  abstract = {This research paper was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates which were obtained in the hospital wastewater of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AE-FETHA). The bacterial isolates were identified using selective culture media, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The findings revealed that the most common pathogens in the hospital wastewater were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp. The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest and all the isolates were resistant to pefloxacin, 60% to gentamicin, and 80 percent to rifampicin. The isolates of Escherichia coli had 100% resistance to pefloxacin, Ampiclox, and Amoxicillin and 75% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Salmonella spp. had 100% resistance to Ampiclox and Amoxicillin, 66.7% resistance to Zithromax and 100% resistance to rifampicin. Shigella spp. was 100 percent resistant to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin and half of the isolates were resistant to Zithromax. These results revealed that multidrug resistance in hospital wastewater is very high and thus there is a call to enhance infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and wastewater management behaviors in hospitals and antimicrobial resistance patterns should be monitored regularly to reduce the diffusion of the resistant pathogen.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria
AU  - Onu Euslar Nnenna
AU  - Ilang Donatus Chukwuma
AU  - Eze Blessing
AU  - Onu Henrrienta Chinaemerem
AU  - Obaji Ezekiel Amuche
Y1  - 2026/10/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11
T2  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JF  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JO  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
SP  - 58
EP  - 65
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8067
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11
AB  - This research paper was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates which were obtained in the hospital wastewater of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AE-FETHA). The bacterial isolates were identified using selective culture media, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The findings revealed that the most common pathogens in the hospital wastewater were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp. The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest and all the isolates were resistant to pefloxacin, 60% to gentamicin, and 80 percent to rifampicin. The isolates of Escherichia coli had 100% resistance to pefloxacin, Ampiclox, and Amoxicillin and 75% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Salmonella spp. had 100% resistance to Ampiclox and Amoxicillin, 66.7% resistance to Zithromax and 100% resistance to rifampicin. Shigella spp. was 100 percent resistant to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin and half of the isolates were resistant to Zithromax. These results revealed that multidrug resistance in hospital wastewater is very high and thus there is a call to enhance infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and wastewater management behaviors in hospitals and antimicrobial resistance patterns should be monitored regularly to reduce the diffusion of the resistant pathogen.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Onu Euslar Nnenna

Microbiology Department, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7107-3296
Ilang Donatus Chukwuma

Microbiology Department, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
Eze Blessing

Microbiology Department, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
Onu Henrrienta Chinaemerem

Microbiology Department, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
Obaji Ezekiel Amuche

Microbiology Department, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria

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APA Style

Nnenna, O. E., Chukwuma, I. D., Blessing, E., Chinaemerem, O. H., Amuche, O. E. (2026). Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 12(4), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11

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ACS Style

Nnenna, O. E.; Chukwuma, I. D.; Blessing, E.; Chinaemerem, O. H.; Amuche, O. E. Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2026, 12(4), 58-65. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11

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AMA Style

Nnenna OE, Chukwuma ID, Blessing E, Chinaemerem OH, Amuche OE. Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Front Environ Microbiol. 2026;12(4):58-65. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11

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@article{10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11,
  author = {Onu Euslar Nnenna and Ilang Donatus Chukwuma and Eze Blessing and Onu Henrrienta Chinaemerem and Obaji Ezekiel Amuche},
  title = {Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {58-65},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20261204.11},
  abstract = {This research paper was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates which were obtained in the hospital wastewater of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AE-FETHA). The bacterial isolates were identified using selective culture media, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The findings revealed that the most common pathogens in the hospital wastewater were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp. The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest and all the isolates were resistant to pefloxacin, 60% to gentamicin, and 80 percent to rifampicin. The isolates of Escherichia coli had 100% resistance to pefloxacin, Ampiclox, and Amoxicillin and 75% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Salmonella spp. had 100% resistance to Ampiclox and Amoxicillin, 66.7% resistance to Zithromax and 100% resistance to rifampicin. Shigella spp. was 100 percent resistant to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin and half of the isolates were resistant to Zithromax. These results revealed that multidrug resistance in hospital wastewater is very high and thus there is a call to enhance infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and wastewater management behaviors in hospitals and antimicrobial resistance patterns should be monitored regularly to reduce the diffusion of the resistant pathogen.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bacteriological Analysis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Wastewater Effluent, From Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria
AU  - Onu Euslar Nnenna
AU  - Ilang Donatus Chukwuma
AU  - Eze Blessing
AU  - Onu Henrrienta Chinaemerem
AU  - Obaji Ezekiel Amuche
Y1  - 2026/10/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11
T2  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JF  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JO  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
SP  - 58
EP  - 65
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8067
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20261204.11
AB  - This research paper was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates which were obtained in the hospital wastewater of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AE-FETHA). The bacterial isolates were identified using selective culture media, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The findings revealed that the most common pathogens in the hospital wastewater were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp. The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest and all the isolates were resistant to pefloxacin, 60% to gentamicin, and 80 percent to rifampicin. The isolates of Escherichia coli had 100% resistance to pefloxacin, Ampiclox, and Amoxicillin and 75% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Salmonella spp. had 100% resistance to Ampiclox and Amoxicillin, 66.7% resistance to Zithromax and 100% resistance to rifampicin. Shigella spp. was 100 percent resistant to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin and half of the isolates were resistant to Zithromax. These results revealed that multidrug resistance in hospital wastewater is very high and thus there is a call to enhance infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and wastewater management behaviors in hospitals and antimicrobial resistance patterns should be monitored regularly to reduce the diffusion of the resistant pathogen.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

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