The bacteriological, physicochemical and anionic surfactants qualities of Otamiri river water and sediment were analysed, using standard techniques. The bacteriological analyses revealed the presence of Serratia marcescens (SerEW01) (33.33%), Staphylococcus (22.20%), Streptococcus (22.20%), Enterobacter (11.11%), Escherichia coli (11.11%) in Otamiri river water as well as Acinetobacter seifertii (42.10%), Bacillus (15.80%), Escherichia coli (15.80%), Klebsiella (10.53%) and Streptococcus species (5.30%), in the sediment. Some of these bacteria are indicators of fecal contamination of the river water. Iron recorded the highest value among the heavy metals (1.972 mg/l), in the river water while Co was not detected. Also, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, electrical conductivity and turbidity recorded values higher than WHO standards for drinking water. In the sediment, Fe and Cd had the highest and least values 19.82 and 0.025 mg/kg respectively. The pH of the river and sediment were 6.42 and 5.40. Similarly, among the anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was the highest in both Otamiri river water (0.100 mg/l) and sediment (0.453 mg/kg), while perfluorobutane sulfate was not detected in the river water. These results imply that the quality of Otamiri river water and possibly the sediment are below the WHO recommendations for drinking water. People using the river water for drinking and other domestic activities should therefore purify it adequately to avert possible health hazards.
| Published in | Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 6, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12 |
| Page(s) | 18-26 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Heavy Metals, Otamiri River and Sediment, Anionic Surfactants, SDS
| [1] | Arora, K. R. (2007). Irrigation, Water power and Water Resources Engineering. 4th edn., Delhi: Standard Publishers Distributors. |
| [2] | Gupta, B. L and Gupta, A. (2008). Water Resources Systems and Management, 2nd edn. Delhi: A. K Jain. |
| [3] | Bhatia, S. C. (2009). Environmental Pollution and Control in Chemical Process Industries, New Delhi, Khanna Publishers, pp 164-431. |
| [4] | Symons, J. N., Bradley, L. C and Cleveland, T. C. (2000). The drinking Water Dictionary, New York, McGrawhill Inc. |
| [5] | Dike, M. U., Nevoh, G. O and Uzoma, H. C. (2016). Physic-Chemical and Biological Assessment of River Qualities in Owerri Federal Constituency of Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Research, 2 (5): 935-940. |
| [6] | Tebbult, T. H. (1998). Principles of Water Quality Control 5th edn. Oxford, Butterwnth Heinemann. |
| [7] | Onweremadu, E. U. (2007). Soil Mercury Distribution in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic in Relation to Soil Fertility. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology. 1 (4): 158-166. |
| [8] | Nweke, C. O., Alisi, C. S., Okolo, J. C and Nwanyanwu, C. E. (2007a). Toxicity of Zinc to Heterotrophic Bacteria from aTropical River Sediment. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 5 (1): 123-132. |
| [9] | Fawole, M. O and Oso, B. A. (2004). Laboratory Manual of Microbiology. 2nd edn. University Press Plc, Ibadan. 21. |
| [10] | Chessbrough, M (2005). Biochemical Test to Identify Bacteria: District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, London. 2: 62-70. |
| [11] | Unites States Environmental Protection Agency (1993). Method 365.1, Revision 2.0: Determination of Phosphorus by Semi-Automated Colorimetry. James W. O’Dell ed. US-EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. |
| [12] | AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION- APHA: AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION – AWWA; WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION - WEF. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. Washington DC, 1998. |
| [13] | Hendershot, W. H., Lalande, H., and Duquette, M. (1993). Soil Reactions and Exchangeable Acidity, In: M. R. Carter, (ed.)- Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 141-142. |
| [14] | Adrian, W. J. (1973). A Comparison of a Wet Pressure Digestion Method with Other Commonly Used Wet and Dry Ashing Method. Analyst, 98: 213-214. |
| [15] | AOAC (1990). Methods of Analysis Using GC-FID. 15th edn, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 2114-2145. |
| [16] | Anon (2004). Technical Memorandum: pH Requirements of Fresh Water Aquatic Life. Robertson-Bryan Inc., CA, p 1. |
| [17] | Iwuoha, G. N., Osuji, L. C and Onwuachu, U. I. (2013). Impact of Waste Dump on the Sediment and Surface Water Quality of Otamiri River, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 17 (4): 573-575. |
| [18] | Okoro, B. C., Uzoukwu, R. A and Ademe, C. K (2016). Investigation of Surface Water Quality in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria for Human Consumption. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11 (13): 8100-8106. |
| [19] | Iwuoha, G. N., Osuji, L. C and Horsfall, M. Jnr. (2012). Assessment of Pre-Dredging Levels of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments of Otamiri River, Imo State of Nigeria. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2 (6): 82-87. |
| [20] | Okeke, P. N and Adinna, E. N. (2013). Water Quality of Otamiri River in Owerri, Nigeria. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 3 (6): 641-649. |
| [21] | Temitope, A. E., Ebeniro, L. A., Oyediran, A. G and C-Oluwatosin, T. J. (2016). An Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Sediment of Otamiri River, Imo State, South- Eastern Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 3: e2462. |
| [22] | Akhionbare, S. M. O. (2011). Factors in the Migration of Heavy Metals in the Otamiri River System. International Journal of Science and Nature. 2 (4): 856-860. |
| [23] | Onyekuru, S. O., Nwankwoala, H. O and Uchechukwu, E. I. (2017). Heavy Metal analysis of Otamiri River in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources, 1 (3): 1-6. |
| [24] | Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z, Liu, C., Sun, C., Zhang, W and Marhaba, T. (2018). pH Effect on Heavy Metal Release from Polluted Sediment. Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 1-7. |
| [25] | Hanson, P. J., Evans, D. W., Colby, D. R and Zdanowicz, V. S. (1993). Assessment of Elemental Contamination in Estuarine and Coastal Environments Based on Geochemical and Statistical Modeling of Sediments. Marine Environmental Research, 36: 237-256. |
| [26] | Bryan, G. W and Langston, W. J. (1992). Bioavailability, Accumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Sediments with Special Reference to United Kingdom Estuaries: Environmental Pollution, 76: 89-131. |
| [27] | Galvin, R. M. (1996). Occurrence of Metals in Water: An Overview. Water SA, 2: 7-18. |
| [28] | Birge, W. S and Black, J. A. (1980). Aquatic Toxicology of Nickel: In Nickel in the Environment, Nriagu, J. O. (Ed). John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA, 349-366. |
| [29] | Dallas, H. F. and Day, I. A. (1993). The Effect of Water Quality Variables on Riverrine Ecosystems: A Review: Water Research Commission Report No. 351, pp 200. |
| [30] | Khangarot, B. S and Ray, P. K. (1990). Correlation between Heavy Metal, Acute Toxicity Values in Daphnia magna and Fish. Bulletin on Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38: 722-726. |
| [31] | Nweke, C. O., Okolo, J. C., Nwanyanwu, C. E and Alisi, C. S. (2006). Response of Plantonic Bacteria of New Calabar River to Zinc Stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5 (8): 653-658. |
| [32] | Giesy, J. P and Kannan, K. (2001). Global Distribution of Perflurooctane Sulfonate in Wildlife. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 1339-1342. |
| [33] | Higgins, C. P., Field, J. A., Criddle, C. S and Luthy, R. G. (2005). Quantitative Determination of Perfluorochemicals in Sediments and Domestic Sludge. Environmental Science and Technology, 39: 13946-13956. |
| [34] | Ahrens, L., Gerwinski, W., Theobald, N and Ebinghaus, R. (2010a). Sources of Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Norwegian Sea: Evidence from Their Spatial Distribution in Surface water. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: 255-260. |
| [35] | Wang, P., Wang, T. Y., Giesy, J. P and Lu, Y. L. (2013). Perfluorinated Compounds in Soils from Liaodong Bay with Concentrated Fluorine Industry Park in China, Chemosphere, 91: 751-757. |
| [36] | Skutlarck, D., Exner, M and Farber, H (2006). Perfluorinated Surfactants in Surface and Drinking Waters. Environmental Science and Pollution Res, 13 (5): 299-307. |
| [37] | Saito, N., Harad, K., Inoue, K., Sasaki, K., Yoshinaga, T and Koizumi, A. (2004). Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Concentrations in Surface Water in Japan. Journal of Occupational Health, 46: 49-59. |
| [38] | Ahrens, L., Yamashita, N., Yeung, L. W. Y., Taniyasu, S., Horii, Y., Lam, P. K. S and Ebinghaus, R. (2009). Partitioning Behaviour of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds Between Pore Water and Sediment in Two Sediment Areas from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environmental Science and Technology, 6969-6975. |
| [39] | Yang, L. P., Zhu, L. Y and Liu, Z. Y. (2011). Occurrence and Partition of Perfluorinated Compounds in Water and Sediment from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China. Chemosphere, 83: 806-814. |
| [40] | Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I. T., Buck, R. C and Korzeniowski, S. H. (2006). Sources, Fate and Transport of Perfluorocarboxylates, Environmental Science and Technology, 40: 32-44. |
| [41] | You, C., Jia, C. X and Pen, G. (2010). Effect of Salinity and Sediment Characteristics on the Sorption and Desorption of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate at Sediment-Water Interface. Environmental Pollution, 158: 1343-1347. |
| [42] | Liu, J. X. and Lee, L. S. (2005). Solubility and Sorption by Soils of 8: 2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol in Water and Cosolvent Systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 39: 7535-7540. |
| [43] | Higgins, C. P and Luthy, R. G. (2006). Sorption of Perfluorinated Surfactants on Sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 40: 7251-7256. |
| [44] | Ahrens, L., Taniyasu, S., Yeung, L. W. Y., Yamashita, N., Lam, P. K. S and Ebinghaus, R. (2010b). Distribution of Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds in Water, Suspended Particulate Matter and Sediment from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Chemosphere, 79: 266-272. |
| [45] | Zhao, L. X., Zhu, L. Y., Yang, L. P., Liu, Z. T and Zhang, Y. H. (2012). Distribution and Description of Perfluorinated Compounds in Fractionated Sediments. Chemoshere, 88: 1390-1397. |
| [46] | Oyama, T., Sugio, K., Uramoto, H., Iwata, T., Onitsuka, T., Isse, T., Nozoe, T., Kagawa, N., Yasumoto, K. and Kawamoto, T. (2007). Increased Cytochrome P450 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Bronchial Epithelium of Heavy Smokers with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Carries a Poor Prognosis. Front Biosciences, 12: 4497-4503. |
| [47] | Sasaki, S., Sata, F., Katoh, S., Saijo, Y., Nakajima, S., Washino, N., Konishi, K., Ban, S., Ishizuka, M and Kishi, R. (2008). Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated with Maternal Smoking and Polymorphisms in the N-Nitrosamine-Metabolizing Enzyme Genes NQO1 and CYP2E1. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167 (6): 719-726. |
| [48] | Effendi, I., Nedi, S., Feliatra, F and Pakpahan, R. (2017). Detergent Disposal into Our Environment and Its Impact on Marine Microbes. Earth and Environmental Science, 97: 1-9. |
| [49] | Kegley, S. E., Hill, B. R., Ome, S and Choi, A. H. (2014). PAN Pesticide Database. Pesticide Action Network, North America. Oakland, CA. Available at http:www.pesticideinfo.org. |
| [50] | Pastewski, S and Medrzycka, K. (2003). Monitoring Surfactant Concentrations in Surface Waters in Tricity Agglomeration. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 12 (5): 643-646. |
| [51] | Van de Plassche, E. J., de Bruijn, J. H. M., Stephenson, R. R., S. J. Marshall, S. J., Feijtel, T. C. J and Belanger, S. E. (1999). Predicted No Effect Concentrations and Risk Characterization of Four Surfactants: Linear alkyl Benzene Sulfonate, Alcohol Ethoxylates, Alcohol Ethoxylated Sulfates, and Soap. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18: 2653-266. |
| [52] | Sanderson, H., Dyer, S. D., Price, B. B., Nielson, A. M., Van Compernolle, R., Selby, M., Stanton, K., Evans, A., Ciarlo, M and Sedlak, R. (2006). Occurene and Weight- of- Evidence Risk Assessment of Alkyl Sulfates, Alkyl Ethoxysulfates and Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) in River Water and Sediments. Science and Total Environment, 368: 659-712. |
| [53] | Abd El-Gawad, H. S. (2014). Aquatic Environmental Monitoring and Removal Efficiency of Detergents. Water Science, 28: 51-64. |
| [54] | Fox, K., Holt, M., Daniel, M., Buckland, H and Guymer, I. (2000). Removal of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate from a Small Yorkshire Stream: Contribution to Greater project No 7. Science of the Total Environment. 251/252: 265-75. |
| [55] | Lewis, M. A and Wee, V. T. (1983). Aquatic Safety Assessment for Cationic Surfactants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2: 105-118. |
| [56] | A. D. Little Co. (1981). Human Safety and Environmental Aspect of Major Surfactants (Supplement). Report to the Soap and Detergent Association. ADL Reference 84048. |
| [57] | Hennes, E. C., and Rapaport, R. A. (1989). Calculation and Analytical Verification of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Concentrations in Surface Waters, Sediment and Soil. Tenside Surfactants Detergents 26: 141-147. |
| [58] | Abel, P. D. (1974). Toxicity of Synthetic Detergents to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Journal of Fishery Biology, 6: 279-298. |
| [59] | Lewis, M. A. (1991). Chronic and Sub Lethal Toxicities of Surfactants to Aquatic Animals: A Review and Risk Assessment. Water Research 25 (1): 101-113. |
| [60] | Swedmark, M., Granmo, A and Bjorck, E. (1978). Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Marine Animals. Research Report to the National Swedish Environment Protection Board. 1-122. |
| [61] | Karbe, (1975). Toxicity of Heavy Metals Modified by Environmental Stress. International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Document C-14. |
| [62] | Nweke, C. O and Orji, J. C. (2009). Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Microbial Community of New Calabar River. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 24 (1): 48-54. |
| [63] | Ogbulie, T., Ogbulie, J. A. N. and Uwazuruike, I. (2010). Biodegradation of Detergents by Aquatic Bacterial Flora from Otamiri River, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (6): 824-830. |
| [64] | Oga, J. O., Ogah, R. O and Ubaka, K. G. (2018). Bacteriological Assessment of Water from Otamiri River in Owerri Imo State. International Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Processes, 4 (2): 2545-5265. |
| [65] | Fagorite, V., Cosmos, A., Ibeneme, I., Ekeoma, C., Ukwajiuno, J., Abiahu, C and Poopola, J. (2019). Microbial Assay of Otamiri River and its Sediment in Parts of Owerri. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection. 7: 155-166. |
| [66] | Greenwood, D., Slack, R. C. B and Peutherer, J. F. (eds) (1992). Medical Microbiology 14th edn. Longman Group, London. 340. |
| [67] | Ibeneme, S. I., Ofulume, A. B., Okechi, R. N., Haruna, I. V., Ukiwe, L. N., Udensi, J. U., Nwachukwu, J. C and Adora, H. U. (2014). Assessment of the Quality of Water Resources of Ahaba and Ovim Areas, Iukwato Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3 (1): 181-193. |
| [68] | World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Guidelines for Drinking Water. First Addendum to the 1st edn., vol. 1, recommendations, Geneva, 595. |
| [69] | Roggers, Y. S., Edavid, A. A and John, L. I (1977). General Microbiology, 4th edn. MacMillan Publishers Ltd, London. 595-596. |
| [70] | Anaukwu, C. G., Ezemba, C. C., Anakwenze, V. N., Agu, K. C., Nwankwegu, A. S., Okeke, B. C and Awah, N. S. (2016). Influence of Anionic, Cationic and Non-Ionic Surfactants on Growth of Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria. American Journal of Current Microbiology. 4 (1): 10-16. |
| [71] | Abimbola, O, A and Iyanuoluwa, U. (2017). Biodegradation of SodiuDodecylsulphate (SDS) by Two Bacteria Isolated from Wastewater Generated by a Detergent Manufacturing Plant in Nigeria. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10 (4): 251-255. |
| [72] | Abimbola, O, A., Wasiu, O. O and Adedolapo, V. O. (2018). Degradation of Surfactant and Metal-Removal by Bacteria from a Nigerian Laundry Environment. European Journal of Biological Research, 8 (4): 243-251. |
APA Style
Okechi Reuben Nwoye, Chukwura Edna Ifeyinwa. (2020). Physicochemical and Bacteriological Qualities of Otamiri River Water and Sediment in South Eastern Nigeria. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 6(2), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12
ACS Style
Okechi Reuben Nwoye; Chukwura Edna Ifeyinwa. Physicochemical and Bacteriological Qualities of Otamiri River Water and Sediment in South Eastern Nigeria. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2020, 6(2), 18-26. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12
AMA Style
Okechi Reuben Nwoye, Chukwura Edna Ifeyinwa. Physicochemical and Bacteriological Qualities of Otamiri River Water and Sediment in South Eastern Nigeria. Front Environ Microbiol. 2020;6(2):18-26. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12,
author = {Okechi Reuben Nwoye and Chukwura Edna Ifeyinwa},
title = {Physicochemical and Bacteriological Qualities of Otamiri River Water and Sediment in South Eastern Nigeria},
journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {18-26},
doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20200602.12},
abstract = {The bacteriological, physicochemical and anionic surfactants qualities of Otamiri river water and sediment were analysed, using standard techniques. The bacteriological analyses revealed the presence of Serratia marcescens (SerEW01) (33.33%), Staphylococcus (22.20%), Streptococcus (22.20%), Enterobacter (11.11%), Escherichia coli (11.11%) in Otamiri river water as well as Acinetobacter seifertii (42.10%), Bacillus (15.80%), Escherichia coli (15.80%), Klebsiella (10.53%) and Streptococcus species (5.30%), in the sediment. Some of these bacteria are indicators of fecal contamination of the river water. Iron recorded the highest value among the heavy metals (1.972 mg/l), in the river water while Co was not detected. Also, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, electrical conductivity and turbidity recorded values higher than WHO standards for drinking water. In the sediment, Fe and Cd had the highest and least values 19.82 and 0.025 mg/kg respectively. The pH of the river and sediment were 6.42 and 5.40. Similarly, among the anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was the highest in both Otamiri river water (0.100 mg/l) and sediment (0.453 mg/kg), while perfluorobutane sulfate was not detected in the river water. These results imply that the quality of Otamiri river water and possibly the sediment are below the WHO recommendations for drinking water. People using the river water for drinking and other domestic activities should therefore purify it adequately to avert possible health hazards.},
year = {2020}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Physicochemical and Bacteriological Qualities of Otamiri River Water and Sediment in South Eastern Nigeria AU - Okechi Reuben Nwoye AU - Chukwura Edna Ifeyinwa Y1 - 2020/06/04 PY - 2020 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12 DO - 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12 T2 - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology JF - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology JO - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology SP - 18 EP - 26 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2469-8067 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.12 AB - The bacteriological, physicochemical and anionic surfactants qualities of Otamiri river water and sediment were analysed, using standard techniques. The bacteriological analyses revealed the presence of Serratia marcescens (SerEW01) (33.33%), Staphylococcus (22.20%), Streptococcus (22.20%), Enterobacter (11.11%), Escherichia coli (11.11%) in Otamiri river water as well as Acinetobacter seifertii (42.10%), Bacillus (15.80%), Escherichia coli (15.80%), Klebsiella (10.53%) and Streptococcus species (5.30%), in the sediment. Some of these bacteria are indicators of fecal contamination of the river water. Iron recorded the highest value among the heavy metals (1.972 mg/l), in the river water while Co was not detected. Also, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, electrical conductivity and turbidity recorded values higher than WHO standards for drinking water. In the sediment, Fe and Cd had the highest and least values 19.82 and 0.025 mg/kg respectively. The pH of the river and sediment were 6.42 and 5.40. Similarly, among the anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was the highest in both Otamiri river water (0.100 mg/l) and sediment (0.453 mg/kg), while perfluorobutane sulfate was not detected in the river water. These results imply that the quality of Otamiri river water and possibly the sediment are below the WHO recommendations for drinking water. People using the river water for drinking and other domestic activities should therefore purify it adequately to avert possible health hazards. VL - 6 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: