Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples

Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia; Chukwura Edna Ifeoma; Chude Charles Onuora

doi:doi:10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11

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Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples

Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia, Chukwura Edna Ifeoma, Chude Charles Onuora

Published in Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 28 February 2020 Accepted: 20 March 2020 Published: 23 April 2020

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Abstract

Biofilms in drinking water systems can serve as significant environmental reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria associated with gastro-enteric diseases. The evaluation of the effects of different salts and metal concentrations on bacterial biofilm from surface and borehole water samples was conducted. Water samples were collected, from 10 selected water sources of economic importance, aseptically using sterile containers. The physicochemical properties were investigated before the biofilm generation process. The collected water samples were allowed to stand in a secluded environment for four (4) weeks at 27°C±2°C for biofilm generation. The isolates were characterized culturally, morphologically, biochemically and molecularly. The isolates were identified as Stenotrophomonas pavanii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was observed that the isolates exhibited growth at a wide range of temperature, salts, pH, and metal salt concentrations. To determine the metal tolerance of the isolates, different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of four metal salts; ferrous chloride (FeCl₂), zinc chloride (ZnCl₂), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), and magnesium oxide (MgO) was used in nutrient broth. Their ability to grow in medium containing different salt (NaCl) concentrations was also evaluated. Different concentrations of NaCl ranging from 2.0% to 10.0% were used in nutrient broth seeded with 0.1ml of the inocula and incubated at 37°C for 48 and 24hours respectively. Growth was measured in terms of OD at 660 nm using spectrophotometer. Results showed a decline in the growth of the isolates with percentage increase in concentrations of all the metal salts. The result of the effect of NaCl salt on growth showed a decrease in growth with an increase in NaCl concentration from 2% to 10%. For Stenotrophomonas pavanii, FeCl₂ is negatively correlated with pH r=-.998 but there is positive correlation between CaCl₂ and NaCl with r=889.

Published in	Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11
Page(s)	11-17
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Biofilms, Isolates, Metals, Salts

References

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[2]	Brooun, A., Liu, S. and Lewis, K. (2000). A dose-response study of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44: 640–646.
[3]	Cowan, M. M., Warren, T. M. and Fletcher, M. (1991). Mixed species colonization of solid surfaces in laboratory biofilms. Biofouling 3 (1) 23-34.
[4]	Donlan, R. M., Pipes, W. O., and Yohe, T. L. (1994). Biofilm formation on cast iron substrata in water distribution systems. Water Resources 28: 1497–503.
[5]	Donlan, R. M. (2002). Biofilm control in industrial water systems: approaching an old problem in new ways. In: Evans LV, editor. Biofilms: recent advances in their study and control. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. Pp. 333–60.
[6]	Donlan, R. M. (2000). Role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance. ASAIO Journal. 46: 47–52.
[7]	Flemming, H. C., Wingender, J., Griegbe, and Mayer, C. (2000) Physicochemical properties of biofilms. In: Evans LV, editor. Biofilms: recent advances in their study and control. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers pp. 19–34.
[8]	Fletcher M., and Loeb, G. I. (1979). Influence of substratum characteristics on the attachment a marine pseudomonad to solid surfaces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 37: 67–72.
[9]	Gadd, G. M. (1990). In: Microbial Mineral Research. Ehrlich, H. l. and Brierley, L. C. (eds.) McGraw Hill, New York. pp 249-275.
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[13]	Okanlawon, B. M., Ogunbanwo, S. T. and Okunlola, A. O. (2010). Growth of Bacillus cereus isolated from some traditional condiments under different regimens. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8 (14): 2129-2135.
[14]	Sivendra, R., Lo, S. and Lim, K. T. (1975). Identification of Chromobacterium violaceum: pigmented and non- pigmented strains. Journal of General Microbiology. 90: 21-31.
[15]	Sutherland, I. W. (2001.) Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiology. 147: 3–9.

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Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia, Chukwura Edna Ifeoma, Chude Charles Onuora. (2020). Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 6(2), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11

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Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia; Chukwura Edna Ifeoma; Chude Charles Onuora. Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2020, 6(2), 11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11

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AMA Style

Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia, Chukwura Edna Ifeoma, Chude Charles Onuora. Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples. Front Environ Microbiol. 2020;6(2):11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11

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@article{10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11,
  author = {Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia and Chukwura Edna Ifeoma and Chude Charles Onuora},
  title = {Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {11-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20200602.11},
  abstract = {Biofilms in drinking water systems can serve as significant environmental reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria associated with gastro-enteric diseases. The evaluation of the effects of different salts and metal concentrations on bacterial biofilm from surface and borehole water samples was conducted. Water samples were collected, from 10 selected water sources of economic importance, aseptically using sterile containers. The physicochemical properties were investigated before the biofilm generation process. The collected water samples were allowed to stand in a secluded environment for four (4) weeks at 27°C±2°C for biofilm generation. The isolates were characterized culturally, morphologically, biochemically and molecularly. The isolates were identified as Stenotrophomonas pavanii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was observed that the isolates exhibited growth at a wide range of temperature, salts, pH, and metal salt concentrations. To determine the metal tolerance of the isolates, different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of four metal salts; ferrous chloride (FeCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and magnesium oxide (MgO) was used in nutrient broth. Their ability to grow in medium containing different salt (NaCl) concentrations was also evaluated. Different concentrations of NaCl ranging from 2.0% to 10.0% were used in nutrient broth seeded with 0.1ml of the inocula and incubated at 37°C for 48 and 24hours respectively. Growth was measured in terms of OD at 660 nm using spectrophotometer. Results showed a decline in the growth of the isolates with percentage increase in concentrations of all the metal salts. The result of the effect of NaCl salt on growth showed a decrease in growth with an increase in NaCl concentration from 2% to 10%. For Stenotrophomonas pavanii, FeCl2 is negatively correlated with pH r=-.998 but there is positive correlation between CaCl2 and NaCl with r=889.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples
AU - Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia
AU - Chukwura Edna Ifeoma
AU - Chude Charles Onuora
Y1 - 2020/04/23
PY - 2020
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11
DO - 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11
T2 - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JF - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JO - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
SP - 11
EP - 17
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2469-8067
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11
AB - Biofilms in drinking water systems can serve as significant environmental reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria associated with gastro-enteric diseases. The evaluation of the effects of different salts and metal concentrations on bacterial biofilm from surface and borehole water samples was conducted. Water samples were collected, from 10 selected water sources of economic importance, aseptically using sterile containers. The physicochemical properties were investigated before the biofilm generation process. The collected water samples were allowed to stand in a secluded environment for four (4) weeks at 27°C±2°C for biofilm generation. The isolates were characterized culturally, morphologically, biochemically and molecularly. The isolates were identified as Stenotrophomonas pavanii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was observed that the isolates exhibited growth at a wide range of temperature, salts, pH, and metal salt concentrations. To determine the metal tolerance of the isolates, different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of four metal salts; ferrous chloride (FeCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and magnesium oxide (MgO) was used in nutrient broth. Their ability to grow in medium containing different salt (NaCl) concentrations was also evaluated. Different concentrations of NaCl ranging from 2.0% to 10.0% were used in nutrient broth seeded with 0.1ml of the inocula and incubated at 37°C for 48 and 24hours respectively. Growth was measured in terms of OD at 660 nm using spectrophotometer. Results showed a decline in the growth of the isolates with percentage increase in concentrations of all the metal salts. The result of the effect of NaCl salt on growth showed a decrease in growth with an increase in NaCl concentration from 2% to 10%. For Stenotrophomonas pavanii, FeCl2 is negatively correlated with pH r=-.998 but there is positive correlation between CaCl2 and NaCl with r=889.
VL - 6
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria
Chukwura Edna Ifeoma

Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Chude Charles Onuora

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria

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Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia, Chukwura Edna Ifeoma, Chude Charles Onuora. (2020). Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 6(2), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11

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ACS Style

Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia; Chukwura Edna Ifeoma; Chude Charles Onuora. Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2020, 6(2), 11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11

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AMA Style

Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia, Chukwura Edna Ifeoma, Chude Charles Onuora. Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples. Front Environ Microbiol. 2020;6(2):11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11

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@article{10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11,
  author = {Dibua Nwamaka Anthonia and Chukwura Edna Ifeoma and Chude Charles Onuora},
  title = {Evaluation of Different Salts and Heavy Metal Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilm from Selected Surface and Borehole Water Samples},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {11-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20200602.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20200602.11},
  abstract = {Biofilms in drinking water systems can serve as significant environmental reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria associated with gastro-enteric diseases. The evaluation of the effects of different salts and metal concentrations on bacterial biofilm from surface and borehole water samples was conducted. Water samples were collected, from 10 selected water sources of economic importance, aseptically using sterile containers. The physicochemical properties were investigated before the biofilm generation process. The collected water samples were allowed to stand in a secluded environment for four (4) weeks at 27°C±2°C for biofilm generation. The isolates were characterized culturally, morphologically, biochemically and molecularly. The isolates were identified as Stenotrophomonas pavanii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was observed that the isolates exhibited growth at a wide range of temperature, salts, pH, and metal salt concentrations. To determine the metal tolerance of the isolates, different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) of four metal salts; ferrous chloride (FeCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and magnesium oxide (MgO) was used in nutrient broth. Their ability to grow in medium containing different salt (NaCl) concentrations was also evaluated. Different concentrations of NaCl ranging from 2.0% to 10.0% were used in nutrient broth seeded with 0.1ml of the inocula and incubated at 37°C for 48 and 24hours respectively. Growth was measured in terms of OD at 660 nm using spectrophotometer. Results showed a decline in the growth of the isolates with percentage increase in concentrations of all the metal salts. The result of the effect of NaCl salt on growth showed a decrease in growth with an increase in NaCl concentration from 2% to 10%. For Stenotrophomonas pavanii, FeCl2 is negatively correlated with pH r=-.998 but there is positive correlation between CaCl2 and NaCl with r=889.},
 year = {2020}
}

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