Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil

Gizachew Tefera

doi:doi:10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil

Gizachew Tefera

Published in Engineering Science (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 14 May 2021 Accepted: 6 July 2021 Published: 13 July 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al³⁺) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.

Published in	Engineering Science (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
Page(s)	27-32
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hammer Mill, Limestone, Particles Size and Crushing

References

[1]	Abdenna, Deressa, Negassa, Chewaka and Tilahun Geleto. 2007. Inventory of Soil Acidity Status in Crop Lands of Central and Western Ethiopia. “Utilization of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet needs” October 9-11, 2007.
[2]	Ajaka, Oyedele. 2014. Design Fabrication and Performance Testing of a Laboratory Size Hammer Mill. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology Studies. Vol. 2.
[3]	Babale, M., 1988. Fabrication of an egusi shelling machine. Agric. Engineering Determent.
[4]	Desta, Beyene. 1988. Soil Science Research in Ethiopia: A proceedings of the first soil science research review workshop, 11-14 February 1986, IAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[5]	FAO. 2019. The future of livestock in Ethiopia Opportunities and challenges in the face of uncertainty. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2019.
[6]	Gomez A. K., and Gomez A. A. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 357-379.
[7]	GTM-20. 2015. Test method for the grain-size analysis of granular materials. Department of Transportation, Revision 5, State of New York.
[8]	Mesfin Abebe. 2007. Nature and Management of Acid Soils in Ethiopia. Haramaya University College of Agriculture. pp. 18.
[9]	Refaay, and El_Sayed A. S. 2016. Developing a hammer mill for grinding seashells. Journal of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering. Mansoura University, Egypt. Vol. 7 pp: 801–808.
[10]	Stone Y., Ahern CR., Blunden B. 1998. Acid sulfate soils manual. (Acid Sulfate Soils Management Advisory Committee; Wollongbar, NSW).
[11]	Tamene Lulseged; Amede Tilahun; Kihara J; Tibebe Degefi; Schulz S. (eds.). 2017. A review of soil fertility management and crop response to fertilizer application in Ethiopia: towards development of site- and context specific fertilizer recommendation. CIAT Publication No. 443. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 86p.
[12]	Tegbaru Bellete. 2015. 2^nd IPI; MoANR, ATA and Hawassa university joint symposium. Hawassa Uninersity, Ethiopia.
[13]	USDA. 2018. National SMETE Digital Library Program, administered by the University of Nebraska, Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary.
[14]	Wassie Haile and Shiferaw Boke. 2009. Mitigation of soil acidity and fertility decline challenges for sustainable livelihood improvement: research findings from southern region of Ethiopia and its policy implications.
[15]	Wassie Haile and Shiferaw Boke. 2011. On-Farm Verification of Lime and NPK Fertilizers Effects on the Tuber Yield of Irish Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) on Some Acidic Soils of Southern Ethiopia. Journal of the Dry lands, 4 (1): 283-288.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Gizachew Tefera. (2021). Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Engineering Science, 6(2), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng. Sci. 2021, 6(2), 27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng Sci. 2021;6(2):27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.es.20210602.12,
  author = {Gizachew Tefera},
  title = {Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil},
  journal = {Engineering Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {27-32},
  doi = {10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.es.20210602.12},
  abstract = {Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil
AU  - Gizachew Tefera
Y1  - 2021/07/13
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
T2  - Engineering Science
JF  - Engineering Science
JO  - Engineering Science
SP  - 27
EP  - 32
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9279
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
AB  - Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Gizachew Tefera

Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Bako, Ethiopia

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Gizachew Tefera. (2021). Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Engineering Science, 6(2), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng. Sci. 2021, 6(2), 27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng Sci. 2021;6(2):27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.es.20210602.12,
  author = {Gizachew Tefera},
  title = {Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil},
  journal = {Engineering Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {27-32},
  doi = {10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.es.20210602.12},
  abstract = {Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil
AU  - Gizachew Tefera
Y1  - 2021/07/13
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
T2  - Engineering Science
JF  - Engineering Science
JO  - Engineering Science
SP  - 27
EP  - 32
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9279
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
AB  - Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download