| Peer-Reviewed

Historical Background of the Origin of the Speeddroop, Additional Control Signals and Analogic Retrofit of a Governor of a Francis Turbine, Using Operational Amplifier IC741

Received: 27 March 2023     Accepted: 14 April 2023     Published: 27 April 2023
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

It is well known that governors of turbines, moving synchronous machines are responsible to maintain the rotation of the rotor of the generator constant and then the electric frequency constant, independently of the changes of electric loads connected to the power electric net. This paper treats about the origin and necessity of the permanent and transitory speedoops in the control mash of a governor. First, we develop the historical background origin of a governor. The basic controls actions are studied, and the analogic circuits related, using operational amplifiers. Then, as an easier way, the author uses an analogic generic PID governor to explain how the permanent speedroop is needed to set the power delivered by a hydraulic turbine (Francis) and then the transitory speedroop. Additional control signal as Power Joint Control and Automatic Generation Control-AGC are introduced. As a suggestion, a simple analogic Power Joint Control circuit example, using operational amplifier 741 is given, but not tested in a workbench. The using of the Automatic Control Generation-AGC, a supplementary control, is introduced because of the necessity to correct the frequency deviations. It is also given a simple circuit example of AGC, not tested in a workbench. This paper ends with an analogic retrofit of a governor of Francis turbine of decade of 1960 of 180 MW using analogic electronic. The author employs IC 741 operational amplifier. Prior simulations of the Laplace’s model of the governor were made using Matlab-Simulink. Because of the little acquisition time of the available oscilloscope, the author made a transformation in the original Laplace model that reduced the step response time by a factor of 20 but the methodology and know-how to make an analogic retrofit was conquered. The governor was built and tested in a workbench. The hydraulic circuit was simulated with 741 amp ops. The electronic simulation corresponded to the mathematics simulations showing the success of the analogic retrofit. The physical space needed by the equipment was reduced from the size of a refrigerator to a size of a shoe box. Although an analogic retrofit is considered obsolete today, the analogic retrofit has robustness, and it is cheaper.

Published in Control Science and Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12
Page(s) 12-22
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Governor, Speedroop, Automatic Generation Control-AGC, Power Joint Control, Analogic Retrofit

References
[1] Jose Luiz Guarino. Modelagem e Digitalização de Regulador de Velocidade Eletrônico-Analógico da Década de 1960 de Turbina Hidráulica Francis de Gerador Síncrono. 2014 http://mcct.uff.br select: Documentos/Teses, Dissertações, number 15.
[2] F. P. de Mello. Dinâmica e Controle da Geração, Curso de Engenharia em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência, serie PTI Convenio Eletrobrás/UFSM, 1979.
[3] Fitzgerald & Kingsley. Electric Machinery. Mc Graw Hill, 1980.
[4] Ogata. Modern Control Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982.
[5] D’Azzo & Houpis. Linear Control System Analysis and Design. Mc Graw-Hill, Inc. 1975.
[6] Archibald Joseph Macintyre. Máquinas motrizes hidráulocas. Guanabara Dois, 1983.
[7] Ramakant A. Gayakwad. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits. Prentice Hall. 1993.
[8] Texas Instrument www.ti.com datasheet op. amp. 741. 2013.
[9] Jacob Millman and Christos C. Halkias. Integrated Electronics. Mc Graw-Hill, 1972.
[10] Jose Luiz Guarino. Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due. SciencePG – Control Science and Engineering, volume 7, issue 1, June 2023, pages 1-11.
[11] Charles M. Close. The Analysis of Linear Circuits – Harcourt Brace Jouanovich, Inc. 1966.
[12] Peter Dransfield. Engineering Systems and Automatic Control. Prentice Hall Inc. 1968.
[13] Richard C. Dorf, Sistemas Automaticos de Control Teoria y Pratica. Fondo Educativo Interamericano SA. 1977.
[14] Gordon J. Murphy. Basic Automatic Control Theory. D Van Nostrand Company Inc. 1957.
[15] João Marcos Castro Soares. Identificação experimental, simulação e ajuste de reguladores de velocidade de usinas hidrelétricas com verificação em testes de campo. Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria-RS. Brasil. 1982.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Jose Luiz Guarino, Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. (2023). Historical Background of the Origin of the Speeddroop, Additional Control Signals and Analogic Retrofit of a Governor of a Francis Turbine, Using Operational Amplifier IC741. Control Science and Engineering, 7(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Jose Luiz Guarino; Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. Historical Background of the Origin of the Speeddroop, Additional Control Signals and Analogic Retrofit of a Governor of a Francis Turbine, Using Operational Amplifier IC741. Control Sci. Eng. 2023, 7(1), 12-22. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Jose Luiz Guarino, Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. Historical Background of the Origin of the Speeddroop, Additional Control Signals and Analogic Retrofit of a Governor of a Francis Turbine, Using Operational Amplifier IC741. Control Sci Eng. 2023;7(1):12-22. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12,
      author = {Jose Luiz Guarino and Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira},
      title = {Historical Background of the Origin of the Speeddroop, Additional Control Signals and Analogic Retrofit of a Governor of a Francis Turbine, Using Operational Amplifier IC741},
      journal = {Control Science and Engineering},
      volume = {7},
      number = {1},
      pages = {12-22},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cse.20230701.12},
      abstract = {It is well known that governors of turbines, moving synchronous machines are responsible to maintain the rotation of the rotor of the generator constant and then the electric frequency constant, independently of the changes of electric loads connected to the power electric net. This paper treats about the origin and necessity of the permanent and transitory speedoops in the control mash of a governor. First, we develop the historical background origin of a governor. The basic controls actions are studied, and the analogic circuits related, using operational amplifiers. Then, as an easier way, the author uses an analogic generic PID governor to explain how the permanent speedroop is needed to set the power delivered by a hydraulic turbine (Francis) and then the transitory speedroop. Additional control signal as Power Joint Control and Automatic Generation Control-AGC are introduced. As a suggestion, a simple analogic Power Joint Control circuit example, using operational amplifier 741 is given, but not tested in a workbench. The using of the Automatic Control Generation-AGC, a supplementary control, is introduced because of the necessity to correct the frequency deviations. It is also given a simple circuit example of AGC, not tested in a workbench. This paper ends with an analogic retrofit of a governor of Francis turbine of decade of 1960 of 180 MW using analogic electronic. The author employs IC 741 operational amplifier. Prior simulations of the Laplace’s model of the governor were made using Matlab-Simulink. Because of the little acquisition time of the available oscilloscope, the author made a transformation in the original Laplace model that reduced the step response time by a factor of 20 but the methodology and know-how to make an analogic retrofit was conquered. The governor was built and tested in a workbench. The hydraulic circuit was simulated with 741 amp ops. The electronic simulation corresponded to the mathematics simulations showing the success of the analogic retrofit. The physical space needed by the equipment was reduced from the size of a refrigerator to a size of a shoe box. Although an analogic retrofit is considered obsolete today, the analogic retrofit has robustness, and it is cheaper.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Historical Background of the Origin of the Speeddroop, Additional Control Signals and Analogic Retrofit of a Governor of a Francis Turbine, Using Operational Amplifier IC741
    AU  - Jose Luiz Guarino
    AU  - Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira
    Y1  - 2023/04/27
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12
    T2  - Control Science and Engineering
    JF  - Control Science and Engineering
    JO  - Control Science and Engineering
    SP  - 12
    EP  - 22
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2994-7421
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.12
    AB  - It is well known that governors of turbines, moving synchronous machines are responsible to maintain the rotation of the rotor of the generator constant and then the electric frequency constant, independently of the changes of electric loads connected to the power electric net. This paper treats about the origin and necessity of the permanent and transitory speedoops in the control mash of a governor. First, we develop the historical background origin of a governor. The basic controls actions are studied, and the analogic circuits related, using operational amplifiers. Then, as an easier way, the author uses an analogic generic PID governor to explain how the permanent speedroop is needed to set the power delivered by a hydraulic turbine (Francis) and then the transitory speedroop. Additional control signal as Power Joint Control and Automatic Generation Control-AGC are introduced. As a suggestion, a simple analogic Power Joint Control circuit example, using operational amplifier 741 is given, but not tested in a workbench. The using of the Automatic Control Generation-AGC, a supplementary control, is introduced because of the necessity to correct the frequency deviations. It is also given a simple circuit example of AGC, not tested in a workbench. This paper ends with an analogic retrofit of a governor of Francis turbine of decade of 1960 of 180 MW using analogic electronic. The author employs IC 741 operational amplifier. Prior simulations of the Laplace’s model of the governor were made using Matlab-Simulink. Because of the little acquisition time of the available oscilloscope, the author made a transformation in the original Laplace model that reduced the step response time by a factor of 20 but the methodology and know-how to make an analogic retrofit was conquered. The governor was built and tested in a workbench. The hydraulic circuit was simulated with 741 amp ops. The electronic simulation corresponded to the mathematics simulations showing the success of the analogic retrofit. The physical space needed by the equipment was reduced from the size of a refrigerator to a size of a shoe box. Although an analogic retrofit is considered obsolete today, the analogic retrofit has robustness, and it is cheaper.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Departamento de Equipamentos Rotativos – DER.O, Furnas Centrais Elétricas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

  • Modelagem Computacional em Ciência e Tecnologia-MCCT, Universidade Federal Fluminense-UFF, Volta Redonda, Brazil

  • Sections