| Peer-Reviewed

Feeding Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Based on Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves in West Africa: Biochemical and Hematological Aspects

Received: 7 May 2021     Accepted: 15 June 2021     Published: 22 July 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Several medicinal plants are used like fodder in the animal diet. The impact on the blood parameters of these plants is not always known. The present study aims to determine the influence of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaves meal on the biochemical and haematological parameters of growing rabbits. Ninety-six rabbits New Zealand with 35 to 40 days old were used. The animals were randomly divided into 8 groups of 12 rabbits. Groups O0, O5, O10, O15, V0, V5, V10 and V15 received the ration contain 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of Ocimum gratissimum or Vernonia amygdalina leaf meals respectively. All the rabbits had a blood sample taken. For Ocimum gratissimum, the RBC number, haemoglobin levels, glycaemia, total protein content, and PCV of the animals were not significantly different (p<0.05). However, White Blood Cells number was significantly (p <0.001) raised in group O10 (7.97±0.15 × 103/L) Aspartate Aminotransferase levels (48.67±1.53 UI) increased significantly (p <0.001). Alanine Aminotransferase, blood creatinine and total cholesterol were significantly decreased in the test groups (p <0.001). For Vernonia amygdalina, the Haemoglobin and PCV values did not change significantly (P> 0.05). The results showed significant (P <0.05) differences in the average values of AST, ALT and ALP of treatments tested compared to control. The average values of glycaemia, urea, creatinine and total cholesterol presented a significant (P <0.05) decrease between the control and the treatments. These results revealed that Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal in rabbits’ diet had ameliorative and protective health benefits up to 15%. It has no hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. In conclusion, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina supplemented feed significantly increased the growth performance, biochemical, and haematological profiles of the animals and was shown to have no harmful effects in rabbits.

Published in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12
Page(s) 40-47
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rabbits, Haematological, Biochemical, Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina, Leaf Meal

References
[1] Akouango, P., Opoye, I., Ngokaka, C. & Akouango, F. (2014). Contribution à la réduction des périodes improductives du cycle de reproduction des lapines (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dans un élevage fermier. Afrique Science: Revue Internationale des Sciences et Technologie; 10 (2): 356 -364.
[2] Braine, A. (2008). Le point sur le marché français du lapin en 2007-2008: une filière en crise. Cuniculture Magazine; 35: 60-67.
[3] Willcox, M. L. & Bodeker, G. (2004). Traditional herbal medicines for malaria. BMJ; 329 (7475): 1156-1159.
[4] Anthony, J. P., Fyfe, L. & Smith, H. (2005). Plant active components - a resource for antiparasitic agents? Trends in Parasitology; 21 (10): 462-468.
[5] Christaki, E., Bonos, E., Giannenas, I. & Florou-Paneri, P. (2012). Aromatic plants as a source of bioactive compounds. Agriculture; 2 (3): 228-243.
[6] Khan, T. A. & Zafar, F. (2005). Haematological study in response to varying doses of estrogen in broiler chicken. International Journal of Poultry Science; 4 (10): 748-751.
[7] Bo, N. & Ekwe, O. (2012). Growth performance, gut and haemo-microbial study of finishing broilers fed African sweet basil (Ocimum gratissimum) leaf extract. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences; 5: 185-191.
[8] Farombi, E. O. & Owoeye, O. (2011). Antioxidative and chemopreventive properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; 8 (6): 2533-2555.
[9] Church, J. P., Judd, J. T., Young, C. W., Kelsay, J. L. & Kim, W. W. (1984). Relationships among dietary constituents and specific serum clinical components of subjects eating self-selected diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 40 (6): 1338-1344.
[10] Ogbuewu, I. P., Uchegbu, M. C., Okoli, I. C. & Iloeje, M. U. (2010). Toxicological effects of leaf meal ethnomedicinal plant—neem—on serum biochemistry of crossbred New Zealand white typed rabbit bucks. Reports and Opinion; 2 (2): 54-57.
[11] Ahemen, T., Abu, A. H. & Iorgilim, L. K. (2013). Physiological responses of rabbits fed graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM): Some aspects of haematology and serum biochemistry. Archives of Applied Science Research; 5 (2): 172-176.
[12] Drogul, C., Gadoud, R., Joseph, M., Jussiau, R., Lisberney, M., Margeol, B. & Tarrit, A. (2009). Nutrition et Alimentation des Animaux d’Elevage (Tome 2). Edition Educagri: France.
[13] Kpodekon, M., Toleba, S., Boko, C., Dagnibo, M., Djago, Y., Dossa, F. & Farougou, S. (2015). Fréquence des Escherichia coli entéropathogènes chez les lapins (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi en zone sub-équatoriale du Bénin. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire; 166 (3-4): 84-89.
[14] Jain, N. C. Schalm's veterinary hematology: Lea & Febiger; 1986.
[15] Ewuola, E. & Egbunike, G. (2008). Haematological and serum biochemical response of growing rabbit bucks fed dietary fumonisin B1. African journal of biotechnology; 7 (23): 4304-4309.
[16] Kohn, R. & Allen, M. (1995). Enrichment of proteolytic activity relative to nitrogen in preparations from the rumen for in vitro studies. Animal Feed Science Technology; 52 (1-2): 1-14.
[17] Pouokam Guy, B., Ahmed, H., Dawurung, C., Atiku, A., David, S. & Philipe, O. (2011). Influence of age on sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Calotropis procera on rabbits. Journal of Toxicology Environmental Health Sciences; 3 (5): 119-126.
[18] Ewuola, E., Jimoh, O., Atuma, O. & Soipe, O. (2012). Haematological and serum biochemical response of growing rabbits fed graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. World Rabbit Science: 683-679.
[19] Mitruka, B. M. & Rawnsley, H. M. Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in normal experimental animals: Masson Pub. USA; 1977: 1981-413
[20] Edwards, N. & Parker, W.: Apple pomace as a supplement to pasture for dairy cows in late lactation. In: New Zealand Society of Animal Production. vol. 55: New Zealand Society of Animal Production; 1995: 67-69.
[21] Çam, Y., Atasever, A., Eraslan, G., Kibar, M., Atalay, Ö., Beyaz, L., İnci, A. & Liman, B. C. (2008). Eimeria stiedae: experimental infection in rabbits and the effect of treatment with toltrazuril and ivermectin. Experimental Parasitology; 119 (1): 164-172.
[22] Effraim, K., Salami, H. & Osewa, T. (2000). The effects of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissium on haematological and biochemical parameters in rabbits. African Journal of Biomedical Research; 3 (3): 175-179.
[23] Abdulmalik, O., Oladapo, O. O. & Bolaji, M. O. (2016). Effect of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina on atherosclerosis in rabbits. ARYA Atheroscler; 12 (1): 35-40.
[24] Ojiako, O. & Nwanjo, H. (2006). Is Vernonia amygdalina hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective? Response from biochemical and toxicity studies in rats. African journal of biotechnology; 5 (18) 1648-1651.
[25] Ezenwanne, E. & Asekhame, J. A. (2011). The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on liver function in rabbits. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia; 8 (2): 509-513.
[26] Abosi, A. O. & Raseroka, B. H. (2003). In vivo antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina. British Journal of Biomedical Science; 60 (2): 89-91.
[27] Gyang, S. S., Nyam, D. D. & Sokomba, E. N. (2004). Hypoglycaemic activity of Vernonia amygdalina (chloroform extract) in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources; 1 (1): 61-66.
[28] Atangwho, I. J., Ebong, P. E., Egbung, G. E., Eteng, M. U. & Eyong, E. U. (2007). Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. on liver function in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats. J Pharm Bioresour; 4 (1): 1-7.
[29] Ong, K. W., Hsu, A., Song, L., Huang, D. & Tan, B. K. H. (2011). Polyphenols-rich Vernonia amygdalina shows anti-diabetic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology; 133 (2): 598-607.
[30] Iheukwumere, F., Abu, A. & Ameh, M. (2006). Effect of human menopausal gonadotropin on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the Nigerian Indigenous chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science; 5 (7): 632-634.
[31] Madubuike, F. & Ekenyem, B. (2006). Haematology and serum biochemistry characteristics of broiler chicks fed varying dietary levels of Ipomoea asarifolia leaf meal. International Journal of Poultry Science; 5 (1): 09-12.
[32] Burns, K. F. & De Lannoy, C. W., Jr. (1966). Compendium of normal blood values of laboratory animals with indication of variations. I. Random-sexed populations of small animals. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology; 8 (3): 429-437.
[33] Campbell, T. Exotic animal hematology and cytology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015: 402p
[34] Ogbu, C. & Onuh, S. (2015). Oocyst output, performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens infected with coccidian oocysts and fed Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract. Global Journal of Poultry Farming and Vaccination; 3: 146-153.
[35] Ferreira, P. G., Costa-e-Silva, A., Oliveira, M. J., Monteiro, E., Cunha, E. M. & Aguas, A. P. (2006). Severe leukopenia and liver biochemistry changes in adult rabbits after calicivirus infection. Research in Veterinary Science; 80 (2): 218-225.
[36] El-Demerdash, F. M. (2004). Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aluminium. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology; 18 (1): 113-121.
[37] Oboh, G. (2006). Nutritive value and haemolytic properties (in vitro) of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina on human erythrocyte. Nutrition and Health; 18 (2): 151-160.
[38] St Augustines, T. (2009). Effects of Vernonia amygdalina on biochemical and hematological parameters in diabetic rats. Asian Journal of medical sciences; 1 (3): 108-113.
[39] Johnson, M., SM, A. & Godonu, K. (2014). Hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia Amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) and its effect on some biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats. Science Journal of Biotechnology; 2014.
[40] Boaventura, T. P., Souza, C. F., Ferreira, A. L., Favero, G. C., Baldissera, M. D., Heinzmann, B. M., Baldisserotto, B. & Luz, R. K. (2021). The use of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil during the transport of Lophiosilurus alexandri: Water quality, hematology, blood biochemistry and oxidative stress. Aquaculture; 531: 735964 - 735972.
[41] Oyem, J. C., Chris-Ozoko, L. E., Enaohwo, M. T., Otabor, F. O., Okudayo, V. A. & Udi, O. A. (2021). Antioxidative properties of Ocimum gratissimum alters Lead acetate induced oxidative damage in lymphoid tissues and hematological parameters of adult Wistar rats. Toxicology Reports; 8: 215-222.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Pascal Abiodoun Olounladé, Basile Boni Saka Konmy, Erick Virgile Bertrand Azando, Lamine Baba Moussa, Sanni-yo Doko Allou. (2021). Feeding Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Based on Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves in West Africa: Biochemical and Hematological Aspects. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6(3), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Pascal Abiodoun Olounladé; Basile Boni Saka Konmy; Erick Virgile Bertrand Azando; Lamine Baba Moussa; Sanni-yo Doko Allou. Feeding Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Based on Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves in West Africa: Biochemical and Hematological Aspects. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2021, 6(3), 40-47. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Pascal Abiodoun Olounladé, Basile Boni Saka Konmy, Erick Virgile Bertrand Azando, Lamine Baba Moussa, Sanni-yo Doko Allou. Feeding Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Based on Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves in West Africa: Biochemical and Hematological Aspects. Biochem Mol Biol. 2021;6(3):40-47. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12,
      author = {Pascal Abiodoun Olounladé and Basile Boni Saka Konmy and Erick Virgile Bertrand Azando and Lamine Baba Moussa and Sanni-yo Doko Allou},
      title = {Feeding Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Based on Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves in West Africa: Biochemical and Hematological Aspects},
      journal = {Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
      volume = {6},
      number = {3},
      pages = {40-47},
      doi = {10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bmb.20210603.12},
      abstract = {Several medicinal plants are used like fodder in the animal diet. The impact on the blood parameters of these plants is not always known. The present study aims to determine the influence of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaves meal on the biochemical and haematological parameters of growing rabbits. Ninety-six rabbits New Zealand with 35 to 40 days old were used. The animals were randomly divided into 8 groups of 12 rabbits. Groups O0, O5, O10, O15, V0, V5, V10 and V15 received the ration contain 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of Ocimum gratissimum or Vernonia amygdalina leaf meals respectively. All the rabbits had a blood sample taken. For Ocimum gratissimum, the RBC number, haemoglobin levels, glycaemia, total protein content, and PCV of the animals were not significantly different (p10 (7.97±0.15 × 103/L) Aspartate Aminotransferase levels (48.67±1.53 UI) increased significantly (p Vernonia amygdalina, the Haemoglobin and PCV values did not change significantly (P> 0.05). The results showed significant (P Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal in rabbits’ diet had ameliorative and protective health benefits up to 15%. It has no hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. In conclusion, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina supplemented feed significantly increased the growth performance, biochemical, and haematological profiles of the animals and was shown to have no harmful effects in rabbits.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Feeding Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Based on Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves in West Africa: Biochemical and Hematological Aspects
    AU  - Pascal Abiodoun Olounladé
    AU  - Basile Boni Saka Konmy
    AU  - Erick Virgile Bertrand Azando
    AU  - Lamine Baba Moussa
    AU  - Sanni-yo Doko Allou
    Y1  - 2021/07/22
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12
    T2  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    JF  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    JO  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    SP  - 40
    EP  - 47
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5048
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20210603.12
    AB  - Several medicinal plants are used like fodder in the animal diet. The impact on the blood parameters of these plants is not always known. The present study aims to determine the influence of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaves meal on the biochemical and haematological parameters of growing rabbits. Ninety-six rabbits New Zealand with 35 to 40 days old were used. The animals were randomly divided into 8 groups of 12 rabbits. Groups O0, O5, O10, O15, V0, V5, V10 and V15 received the ration contain 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of Ocimum gratissimum or Vernonia amygdalina leaf meals respectively. All the rabbits had a blood sample taken. For Ocimum gratissimum, the RBC number, haemoglobin levels, glycaemia, total protein content, and PCV of the animals were not significantly different (p10 (7.97±0.15 × 103/L) Aspartate Aminotransferase levels (48.67±1.53 UI) increased significantly (p Vernonia amygdalina, the Haemoglobin and PCV values did not change significantly (P> 0.05). The results showed significant (P Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal in rabbits’ diet had ameliorative and protective health benefits up to 15%. It has no hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. In conclusion, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina supplemented feed significantly increased the growth performance, biochemical, and haematological profiles of the animals and was shown to have no harmful effects in rabbits.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Zootechnical Research and Livestock System Unit, Laboratory of Animal and Fisheries Science (LaSAH), Doctoral School of Agricultural and Water Sciences (EDSAE), National University of Agriculture, Porto-Novo, Benin

  • Zootechnical Research and Livestock System Unit, Laboratory of Animal and Fisheries Science (LaSAH), Doctoral School of Agricultural and Water Sciences (EDSAE), National University of Agriculture, Porto-Novo, Benin

  • Laboratory of Ecology, Health and Animal Production, Department of Animal and Fisheries Production Sciences and Techniques, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin

  • Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  • Zootechnical Research and Livestock System Unit, Laboratory of Animal and Fisheries Science (LaSAH), Doctoral School of Agricultural and Water Sciences (EDSAE), National University of Agriculture, Porto-Novo, Benin

  • Sections