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Monitoring and Adaptation to Air Pollution: The Case of Oil Producing Communities in the Niger Delta Region

Received: 10 June 2022     Accepted: 7 July 2022     Published: 24 August 2022
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Abstract

Air pollution is a very complex problem in the oil-bearing region of Niger Delta and poses multiple challenges in management and mitigation. This study is aimed at providing air quality monitoring plan and adaptation strategies for the residents of three oil bearing communities. Air quality data of the area was collected from NASA after a field study to determine the coordinates of the study area. After downloading the data, the latitude, longitude, and concentration data had to be extracted from the set of data using a computer high level language called python. The data formats gotten in this research were netcdf4, he5, and hdf. The techniques of analysis used were descriptive in the form of tables and trend analysis. Furthermore, geospatial analysis was carried out to note the spatio-temporal hot and cold spots in the area. The hot spot analysis tool calculates the Getis-Ord statistic for each geo-referenced household. This tool identified those households with either high or low attribute values that cluster spatially. In conclusion, wind and human activities greatly influence the pollutants distribution in the study area. Across these communities, Mgbede community is the cold spot region in both seasons while Ebocha is a hot spot region during the dry season and Okwuzi a hot spot region during the rainy season. Again, the concentration of HCHO increases across the three communities during the wet season, while that of PM2.5 decreases in the three communities during the wet season. In a related development, the concentration of SO2 across the three communities decreases during the dry season. Thus, this study proposed monitoring and adaptation plan to atmospheric pollution in the study area by the residents.

Published in American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13
Page(s) 89-104
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Air Pollution, Hot Spot, Cold Spot, Mitigation, Adaptation

References
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[2] Abou-Rafee, S. A., Martins, L. D., Kawashima, A. B., Almeida, D. S., Morais, M. V. B., Souza, R. V. A., Oliveira, M. B. L., Souza, R. A. F., Medeiros, A. S. S., Urbina, V., Freitas, E. D., Martin, S. T., and Martins, J. A.: (2017) ‘Contributions of mobile, stationary and biogenic sources to air pollution in the Amazon rainforest: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem odel,’ Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7977–7995, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7977-2017, 2017.
[3] Adesina, O. S., Mohammed, I. and Otokiti, K. V. (2020) ‘The Place of Environmental Laws in Checking Oil Spillage in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria’ International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 6-12.
[4] Adoki, A. (2012). Air Quality survey of some locations in the Niger Delta, Area. Journal of Appl. Sci. & Environ. Management, Vol. 16 (1) 125-134.
[5] Chen, P., Kang, S., Yang, J., Pu, T., Li, C., Guo, J. and Tripathee, L. (2019). Spatial and Temporal Variations of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants in Six Sites in Tibet, China, during 2016– 2017. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 19: 516-527 https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2018.10.0360
[6] Deguen, S., S´ egala, C., Ga¨ elle P´edrono, and Mesbah, M. (2012) A New Air Quality Perception Scale for Global Assessment of Air Pollution Health Effects. Risk Analysis, (32) (12) 14-27.
[7] Ebitare, B. S and Okodudu,. S. (2021) ‘Forced Migration in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Interrogating the role of oil induced Environmental Degradation’ International Journal of Innovative Psychology & Social Development 9 (3) pp 30-42.
[8] Federal Govt. of Nigeria (FGN (1988). Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree 58, 1988. Federal Ministry of Information and Culture, Lagos, Nigeria.
[9] Kim, S., Kwon, H., Lee,. M, Seo, Y. and Choi, S (2019) ‘Spatial and temporal variations of volatile organic compounds using passive air samplers in the multi-industrial city of Ulsan, Korea’ Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 26 page 5831-5841.
[10] Miller, C. A. (2021) “Fifty years of EPA Science for Air quality management and control” Environmental Management 67 page 1017-1028.
[11] Nriagu, J., Udofia, E. A., Ekong, I., and Ebuk, G. (2016). Health Risks Associated with Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13 (3), 346.
[12] Nychka,. D. and Saltzman,. N. (1998) “Design of Air quality Monitoring Networks”. In: Nychaka, D., Piegorsch, W. W., Cox, L. H (eds) Case Studies in Environmental Statistics. Lecture notes in Statistics Vol. 132 Springer, New York.
[13] Ogunba, A. (2016). An appraisal of the evolution of environmental legislation in Nigeria. Vermont Law Review (40) pp. 674-693.
[14] Okoro, G. (2004) “The impact of gas flaring in soil pH”. Unpublished. B.Sc. Thesis submitted to Department of Geography & Envi. Mgt., University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
[15] Pius, U. E (2017, February 14) Strange Black Soot Causes Anxiety in Port Harcourt. Online: ttps://guardian.ng/news/strange-black-soot-causes-anxiety-in-port-harcourt/ Accessed 2/09/2021.
[16] Pozzer, A., Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., Meil, A. and Lelieveld, J. (2017). ‘Impact of agricultural emission reductions on fine-particulate matter and public health’Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12813–12826.
[17] Subesi, N. T. (2020) ‘Formaldehyde Advantages and Disadvantages: Usage Areas and Harmful Effects on Human Beings’. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89299 Available online https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/formaldehyde-advantages-and-disadvantages- usage-areas-and-harmful-effects-on-human-beings. Accessed 20 June, 2020.
[18] UNEP (2011). Environmental Impact Assessment of Ogoniland. Available Online: http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/OEA/UNEP OEA.pdf. Accessed 2/8/2021.
[19] Uyigue; E. and Agho, M. (2001) Coping with climate change and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta of Southern Nigeria. Community Research and Development Centre Nigeria pages 1-31.
[20] Wayne, R. P. (1991). Chemistry of the Atmosphere. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Okoro Goodluck, Umeuduji Joel Ekwutosi. (2022). Monitoring and Adaptation to Air Pollution: The Case of Oil Producing Communities in the Niger Delta Region. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 10(4), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13

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    ACS Style

    Okoro Goodluck; Umeuduji Joel Ekwutosi. Monitoring and Adaptation to Air Pollution: The Case of Oil Producing Communities in the Niger Delta Region. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2022, 10(4), 89-104. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13

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    AMA Style

    Okoro Goodluck, Umeuduji Joel Ekwutosi. Monitoring and Adaptation to Air Pollution: The Case of Oil Producing Communities in the Niger Delta Region. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2022;10(4):89-104. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13,
      author = {Okoro Goodluck and Umeuduji Joel Ekwutosi},
      title = {Monitoring and Adaptation to Air Pollution: The Case of Oil Producing Communities in the Niger Delta Region},
      journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
      volume = {10},
      number = {4},
      pages = {89-104},
      doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20221004.13},
      abstract = {Air pollution is a very complex problem in the oil-bearing region of Niger Delta and poses multiple challenges in management and mitigation. This study is aimed at providing air quality monitoring plan and adaptation strategies for the residents of three oil bearing communities. Air quality data of the area was collected from NASA after a field study to determine the coordinates of the study area. After downloading the data, the latitude, longitude, and concentration data had to be extracted from the set of data using a computer high level language called python. The data formats gotten in this research were netcdf4, he5, and hdf. The techniques of analysis used were descriptive in the form of tables and trend analysis. Furthermore, geospatial analysis was carried out to note the spatio-temporal hot and cold spots in the area. The hot spot analysis tool calculates the Getis-Ord statistic for each geo-referenced household. This tool identified those households with either high or low attribute values that cluster spatially. In conclusion, wind and human activities greatly influence the pollutants distribution in the study area. Across these communities, Mgbede community is the cold spot region in both seasons while Ebocha is a hot spot region during the dry season and Okwuzi a hot spot region during the rainy season. Again, the concentration of HCHO increases across the three communities during the wet season, while that of PM2.5 decreases in the three communities during the wet season. In a related development, the concentration of SO2 across the three communities decreases during the dry season. Thus, this study proposed monitoring and adaptation plan to atmospheric pollution in the study area by the residents.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Monitoring and Adaptation to Air Pollution: The Case of Oil Producing Communities in the Niger Delta Region
    AU  - Okoro Goodluck
    AU  - Umeuduji Joel Ekwutosi
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    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13
    T2  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JF  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JO  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221004.13
    AB  - Air pollution is a very complex problem in the oil-bearing region of Niger Delta and poses multiple challenges in management and mitigation. This study is aimed at providing air quality monitoring plan and adaptation strategies for the residents of three oil bearing communities. Air quality data of the area was collected from NASA after a field study to determine the coordinates of the study area. After downloading the data, the latitude, longitude, and concentration data had to be extracted from the set of data using a computer high level language called python. The data formats gotten in this research were netcdf4, he5, and hdf. The techniques of analysis used were descriptive in the form of tables and trend analysis. Furthermore, geospatial analysis was carried out to note the spatio-temporal hot and cold spots in the area. The hot spot analysis tool calculates the Getis-Ord statistic for each geo-referenced household. This tool identified those households with either high or low attribute values that cluster spatially. In conclusion, wind and human activities greatly influence the pollutants distribution in the study area. Across these communities, Mgbede community is the cold spot region in both seasons while Ebocha is a hot spot region during the dry season and Okwuzi a hot spot region during the rainy season. Again, the concentration of HCHO increases across the three communities during the wet season, while that of PM2.5 decreases in the three communities during the wet season. In a related development, the concentration of SO2 across the three communities decreases during the dry season. Thus, this study proposed monitoring and adaptation plan to atmospheric pollution in the study area by the residents.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Environmental Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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