| Peer-Reviewed

Evaluation on Diazinol Resistance of Economically Important Dairy Cattle Ticks in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Received: 30 April 2022     Accepted: 30 May 2022     Published: 8 June 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Tick infestation is an economically important condition in cattle. In addition to increasing susceptibility to other diseases, skin damages inflicted by ticks downgrade the quality of skin and hide and the production of milk and wool. Control of these parasites remains a challenge due to the presence of resistance to commercial acaricides. A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire survey followed by an in-vitro acaricidal efficacy test was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to check the existence of resistant tick species to chemical acaricide. Most cases of tick infestation (94.6%) were treated by owners following veterinary professionals’ advice (69.4%). Amblyomma variegatum (A. variegatum), Boophilus decoloratus (B. decoloratus) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (R. evertsi evertsi) test and reference engorged female ticks were subjected to a modified larval packet test (LPT). Except for the mortality rate (3.33%) in the control group, both test and reference treatment groups exhibited a higher mortality rate (90% to 100%) at all tested concentration levels. A significant variance (P=0.0001) proofed by statistics was detected among test tick species. The LC50 of Diazinol against A. variegatum, B. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and for their references was 0.03834, 0.0783, and 0.03834, respectively. A. variegatum and R. evertsi evertsi showed a resistance factor of 1.310, while B. decoloratus exhibited a factor of 2.676 indicating a level 1 resistance for Diazinol. Further investigation on the existence and seasonal dynamics of other tick species should be investigated. Future works should also look at the utilization of acaricides in a wider area of the district and their efficacy against the existing tick species. Furthermore, farmers’ awareness on the utilization of acaricides should be enhanced through training.

Published in American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 10, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14
Page(s) 63-69
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Acaricide Resistance, Adea Berga, A. variegatum, B. decoloratus, Dairy Cattle, R. evertsi evertsi, Ticks

References
[1] Furman DP, Loomis EC. The Ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). California. University of California Press. Bull. Cali. Inse. Surv. 1984; 25. 1-239.
[2] Olive J. H. Biology and systematics of ticks (Acari: Ixidida). Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1989; 20 (1): 397-430.
[3] De Castro JJ. Sustainable ticks and tick-borne disease control in livestock improvement in developing countries. Vet. Parasitol 71. (1997); 69-76.
[4] Lodos J, Boue O, de la Fuente JA. Model to simulate the effect of vaccination against Boophilus ticks on cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 2000; 87 (4): 315-326.
[5] Cuisance D, Barre N, De Deken R. Ectoparasites of animals: methods of ecological, biological, genetic and mechanical control. Rev. Sci. Tech. 1994; 13 (4): 56-1305.
[6] ICIPE. An international workshop on tick modeling. (1997); Available from: http:/www.au/research/pestmgmt/ticks/workshop.httm.Improvement in developing countries.
[7] Jobre Y, Adamu G, Zerbini E. Bioassay of acaricide resistance on three common cattle tick species at Holeta, central Ethiopia. Revue Med. Vet. 2001; 152 (7): 385-390.
[8] Furlong J. Diagnosis of the susceptibility of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, to acaricides in Minas, Gerais State, Brazil. In Control de la Resistencia en Garrapatas y Moscas de Importancia Veterinaria y Enfermedades que transmiten, IV Seminario Internacional de Parasitologia Animal (ed. Morales, G., Fragosa, H. & Garcia, Z.).1999; pp. 41–46. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico.
[9] Mekonnen S, Kgasi A, Mureithi W, Getachew Z, Tilahun, T, Solomon G, Yilma J. Bryson NR. In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Cypermethin High-Cis (Ecotomin®) Against Cattle Ticks in Ethiopia. Ethiop. Vet. J. 2004; 8 (1): 29-38.
[10] Yilma J, Adamu G, Zerbini E. Biossay of acaricide resistance on three common cattle tick species at Holeta, Central Ethiopia. Revue Méd. Vét. 2001; 152 (5): 385-390.
[11] Walker AR, Boutiour A, Camicas JL, Strada-Peňa A, Horak IG, Latif AA. Pegram RG, Preston PM. Ticks of domestic animals in Africa. A guide to identification of species. 2003; Pp. 3-210.
[12] FAO. Resistance management And Integrated Parasite Control in Ruminants: Working Group on Parasite Resistance Guidelines. Module 1. Ticks: Acaricide Resistance: Diagnosis, Management and Prevention. 2004; pp. 25–77.
[13] Lovis L, Perret JL, Bouvier J, Fellay JM, Kaminsky R, Betschart B, Sager H. A new in vitro test to evaluate the resistance level against acaricides of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Veterinary Parasitology. 2011; 182: 269–280.
[14] Shyma KP, Prakash G, Veer SJ Patel KK. In Vitro Detection of Acaricidal Resistance Status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against Commercial Preparation of Deltamethrin, Flumethrin, and Fipronil from North. Gujarat, India. Journal of Parasitology Research 2015; vol. 2015.
[15] Ninsin KD, Mo J, Miyata T. Decreased susceptibilities of four field populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), to acetamiprid. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 2000; 35: 591-595.
[16] Ninsin KD. Selection for resistance to acetamiprid and various other insecticides in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep. Plutellidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 2004a; 128: 445-451.
[17] Ninsin, KD. Acetamiprid resistance and cross-resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Pest Manag. Sci. 2004b; 60: 839-841.
[18] Ninsin KD. Laboratory selection for resistance and susceptibility to acetamiprid in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) from Japan. Ghana Jnl agric. Sci. 2011; 44: 41-51.
[19] Davidson G. Genetic control of insect pests. Academic Press, London, New York. 1974. pp. 158.
[20] Dinka A, Eyob E, Hika W, Fufa AIn vitro Acaricidal efficacy evaluation trial of Ixodid ticks at Borana, Ethiopia. Ethiop. Vet. J. 2013; 17 (2): 85-99.
[21] Sileshi M. In vivo evaluation of Amitraz against ticks under field conditions in Ethiopia. J. S. Afr. Vet. Asso. 2001; 72: 44-45.
[22] Edward M. Assessment of the Causes of Tick Resistance to Acaricides use on Cattle in kazo County Kiruhura District. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 2019. Vol. 9, No. 2.
[23] Solomon G., Sileshi M, Kaaya GP, Tilahun T, Yilma J. Prevalence of Ixodid ticks and Trypanosomosis in camels in southern Ethiopia. Ethio. Vet. J. 2004; 8 (2): 23.
[24] Newton LG, Acaricide resistance and cattle tick control. Australian Veterinary Journal. 1967; 43: 389–394.
[25] Whitehead GB. A review of insecticide resistance in the blue tick, Boophilus decoloratus, in South Africa. Indian Journal of Malariology. 1958; 12: 427–432.
[26] Foil LD, Coleman P, Eisler M, Fragoso-Sanchez H, Garcia-Vazquez Z, Guerrero FD. Factors that influence the prevalence of acaridae resistance and tick-borne diseases. Vet Parasitol. 2004; 125: 163–81.
[27] William DD, Oriel T, Patrick V. Development of acaricide resistance in tick populations of cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2022; 8 (1).
[28] Yehualashet T, Gebreab F. Cattle tick resistance to acaricides at Bako Agricultural Research Station. Proceeding of the First National Livestock Improvement conference (NLIC). Ed. Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 1987; 111-113.
[29] Regasa A, De Castro J. J. Tick resistance to acaricides in Western Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 1993; 25: 69-74.
[30] Duncan JM. Tick resistance to dips. The Farmers (Zimbabwe). 1993; 3: 16-19.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Tamirat Siyoum, Beksisa Urge, Markos Tadele, Aster Yohannes, Temesgen Kassa, et al. (2022). Evaluation on Diazinol Resistance of Economically Important Dairy Cattle Ticks in Central Highlands of Ethiopia. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 10(3), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Tamirat Siyoum; Beksisa Urge; Markos Tadele; Aster Yohannes; Temesgen Kassa, et al. Evaluation on Diazinol Resistance of Economically Important Dairy Cattle Ticks in Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2022, 10(3), 63-69. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Tamirat Siyoum, Beksisa Urge, Markos Tadele, Aster Yohannes, Temesgen Kassa, et al. Evaluation on Diazinol Resistance of Economically Important Dairy Cattle Ticks in Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2022;10(3):63-69. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14,
      author = {Tamirat Siyoum and Beksisa Urge and Markos Tadele and Aster Yohannes and Temesgen Kassa and Fikadu Gutema and Berehanu Abera and Melese Eshete and Merge Taye and Helen Aklilu and Neima Arebu},
      title = {Evaluation on Diazinol Resistance of Economically Important Dairy Cattle Ticks in Central Highlands of Ethiopia},
      journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
      volume = {10},
      number = {3},
      pages = {63-69},
      doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20221003.14},
      abstract = {Tick infestation is an economically important condition in cattle. In addition to increasing susceptibility to other diseases, skin damages inflicted by ticks downgrade the quality of skin and hide and the production of milk and wool. Control of these parasites remains a challenge due to the presence of resistance to commercial acaricides. A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire survey followed by an in-vitro acaricidal efficacy test was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to check the existence of resistant tick species to chemical acaricide. Most cases of tick infestation (94.6%) were treated by owners following veterinary professionals’ advice (69.4%). Amblyomma variegatum (A. variegatum), Boophilus decoloratus (B. decoloratus) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (R. evertsi evertsi) test and reference engorged female ticks were subjected to a modified larval packet test (LPT). Except for the mortality rate (3.33%) in the control group, both test and reference treatment groups exhibited a higher mortality rate (90% to 100%) at all tested concentration levels. A significant variance (P=0.0001) proofed by statistics was detected among test tick species. The LC50 of Diazinol against A. variegatum, B. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and for their references was 0.03834, 0.0783, and 0.03834, respectively. A. variegatum and R. evertsi evertsi showed a resistance factor of 1.310, while B. decoloratus exhibited a factor of 2.676 indicating a level 1 resistance for Diazinol. Further investigation on the existence and seasonal dynamics of other tick species should be investigated. Future works should also look at the utilization of acaricides in a wider area of the district and their efficacy against the existing tick species. Furthermore, farmers’ awareness on the utilization of acaricides should be enhanced through training.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation on Diazinol Resistance of Economically Important Dairy Cattle Ticks in Central Highlands of Ethiopia
    AU  - Tamirat Siyoum
    AU  - Beksisa Urge
    AU  - Markos Tadele
    AU  - Aster Yohannes
    AU  - Temesgen Kassa
    AU  - Fikadu Gutema
    AU  - Berehanu Abera
    AU  - Melese Eshete
    AU  - Merge Taye
    AU  - Helen Aklilu
    AU  - Neima Arebu
    Y1  - 2022/06/08
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14
    T2  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JF  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JO  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    SP  - 63
    EP  - 69
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5893
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20221003.14
    AB  - Tick infestation is an economically important condition in cattle. In addition to increasing susceptibility to other diseases, skin damages inflicted by ticks downgrade the quality of skin and hide and the production of milk and wool. Control of these parasites remains a challenge due to the presence of resistance to commercial acaricides. A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire survey followed by an in-vitro acaricidal efficacy test was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to check the existence of resistant tick species to chemical acaricide. Most cases of tick infestation (94.6%) were treated by owners following veterinary professionals’ advice (69.4%). Amblyomma variegatum (A. variegatum), Boophilus decoloratus (B. decoloratus) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (R. evertsi evertsi) test and reference engorged female ticks were subjected to a modified larval packet test (LPT). Except for the mortality rate (3.33%) in the control group, both test and reference treatment groups exhibited a higher mortality rate (90% to 100%) at all tested concentration levels. A significant variance (P=0.0001) proofed by statistics was detected among test tick species. The LC50 of Diazinol against A. variegatum, B. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and for their references was 0.03834, 0.0783, and 0.03834, respectively. A. variegatum and R. evertsi evertsi showed a resistance factor of 1.310, while B. decoloratus exhibited a factor of 2.676 indicating a level 1 resistance for Diazinol. Further investigation on the existence and seasonal dynamics of other tick species should be investigated. Future works should also look at the utilization of acaricides in a wider area of the district and their efficacy against the existing tick species. Furthermore, farmers’ awareness on the utilization of acaricides should be enhanced through training.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia

  • Sections