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Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt

Received: 11 November 2017     Accepted: 22 November 2017     Published: 25 December 2017
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Abstract

Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.

Published in American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 5, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
Page(s) 141-150
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lake Manzala, Wastewater, Water Quality, Heavy Metals, Bacterial Indicators

References
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[8] Hasan, E. A. G. (2008). Prediction of Salt Load Flowing to Lake El Manzala Using Artificial Neural Networks. The 3rd International Conference on Water Resources and Arid Environments. 1st Arab Water Forum.
[9] Abd El-Monsef Ahmed El-Badry and Moataz M. Khalifa, (2017). Geochemical Assessment of Pollution at Manzala Lake, Egypt: Special Mention to Environmental and Health Effects of Arsenic, Selenium, Tin and Antimony. Journal of Applied Sciences, 17: 72-80.
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[17] Bruner, G, Jimenez, L.; Mendoza, Y.; Chial, B. and de Chial M. (2013). Bacterial Diversity and Physicochemical Stratification of the Water Column during the Rainy Season in Las Cumbres Lake, Panama. The Internet Journal of Microbiology, 12 (1).
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ahmed Ismail, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. (2017). Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 5(6), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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    ACS Style

    Ahmed Ismail; Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2017, 5(6), 141-150. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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    AMA Style

    Ahmed Ismail, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2017;5(6):141-150. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14,
      author = {Ahmed Ismail and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi},
      title = {Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt},
      journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
      volume = {5},
      number = {6},
      pages = {141-150},
      doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20170506.14},
      abstract = {Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt
    AU  - Ahmed Ismail
    AU  - Hiroshan Hettiarachchi
    Y1  - 2017/12/25
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
    T2  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JF  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    JO  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
    SP  - 141
    EP  - 150
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5893
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
    AB  - Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Port Said, Port Said, Egypt

  • Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources, United Nations University (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany

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