| Peer-Reviewed

Idea on Holistic Medicine Based on the Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

Received: 18 September 2019     Accepted: 21 October 2019     Published: 13 December 2019
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

With the development of physical technology, life science has reached the molecular level. With the development of molecular biology, western medicine has carried out in-depth analysis and Experimental Research on diseases. Nevertheless, wise thinking about the theory and current situation of Western medicine can still find some problems worth to investigation. With the breakthroughs in cell and molecular biology, protein function and gene regulation have become the starting point and theoretical basis for thinking about medical problems and developing drugs. However, the human body is a multicellular organism, which is the coordination of multiple functional organs formed by orderly accumulation of cells. At present, the knowledge of molecular biology on the orderly accumulation of cells is still scarce in life science. This knowledge black hole makes Western medicine far from being based on a comprehensive understanding on the human body, thus making the scientific nature of Western medicine imperfect. Mitochondrial symbiosis is a landmark event in which life evolves from a single cell to a multicellular one. In our lab the discovery of electron leak pathways of the mitochondrial respiratory chain reminds me to describe the function of respiratory chain as the molecular "life-engine". The role of ROS generated in mitochondria through the electron leak pathways of the respiratory chain has become a new investigative field of health and longevity. The signal effect of ROS on antioxidant activity and tissue repair activity has become a hotspot in medical research. An idea to explore medical problems in perspective of bioenergetics came into being in my mind. In 2016, I published a paper in the Journal of clinical and experimental cardiology, which suggested that the human body should be regarded as a whole composed of a huge number of "life engines", and human health and medicine should be studied with thermodynamics. A big question is that the ROS generated by the electron leakage of respiratory chain has two opposite roles: it causes aging and diseases by the oxygen toxicity of ROS and it role as signal to stimulate antioxidative activity or tissue repair ability. Then how the human body makes decision to tell ROS play as a positive or negative role? Answering this question takes me long time searching. In this paper, I will elaborate on this issue from the perspective of cosmic energetics.

Published in American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Volume 7, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13
Page(s) 135-142
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Respiratory Chain, Life-engine, Vitality, Health and Longevity

References
[1] Yun-Gang Zhao, Zhi-bo Wang and Jian-Xing Xu, Effect of Cytochrome c on the Generation and Elimination of O2-. and H2O2 in Mitochondria, J. Biol. Chem. 278 (4): 2356-2360 (2003).
[2] Yun-Gang Zhao, and Jian-Xing Xu, The Operation of the Alternative Electron-leak Pathways Mediated by Cytochrome c in Mitochondria. Biochem. Biophys. Rev. Commun. 317: 980-987 (2004).
[3] Zhi-Bo Wang, Yun-Gang Zhao, and Jian-Xing Xu, Cytochrome c is a Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenger in Mitochondria Protein and Peptide Letters 10: 247-253 (2003).
[4] Jian-xing Xu, Radical Metabolism is Partner to Energy Metabolism in Mitochondria Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1011: 57-60 (2004).
[5] Lee Min, Xu Jian-xing Detoxifying function of cytochrome c against oxygen toxicity Mitoxhondrion 7 (1-2): 13-16 (2007).
[6] Bielski, B. H., Arudi, R. L. & Sutherland, M. W. A study of the reactivity of HO2/O2- with unsaturated fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4759-4761 (1983).
[7] Chance, B., Sies, H. and Boveris, A. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol. Rev. 59, 527-605 (1979).
[8] Xin-Jian Wang and Jian-Xing Xu. Salvianic acid A protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity, Neuroscience Research, 2005; 51 (2): 129-138.
[9] Xin-Jian Wang and Jian-Xing Xu. Possible involvement of Ca2+ signaling in rotenone-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, Neuroscience Letter, 2005; 376 (2): 127-132.
[10] Xin-Jian Wang, Zhi-Bo Wang and Jian-Xing Xu. Effect of Salvianic acid A on lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability in mitochondria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2005; 97 (3): 441-445.
[11] Suqing Zhanga, Chaoshu Tangb, Jianxing Xua et al“Protective role of 3-nitro-N-methyl-salicylamide on isolated rat heart during 4 hours of cold storage and reperfusion” Transplantation Proceedings 38: 1247-1252 (2006).
[12] Zhi-Bo Wang, Min Li, and Jian-xing Xu, Current Topics in Toxicology, vol. 7, 21-31, (2011).
[13] Xu Jian-xing, The Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain and its Potential Application in Medical Research, JSM Cell Dev Biol 3 (1): 1014 (2015).
[14] Jian-xing Xu, Ideas in Scientific Research on Human Health and Heart Care Raised from the Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain. J Clin Exp Cardiolog 7: 422. doi: 10.4172/2155-9880.1000422, (2016).
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Xu Jianxing. (2019). Idea on Holistic Medicine Based on the Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7(6), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Xu Jianxing. Idea on Holistic Medicine Based on the Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2019, 7(6), 135-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Xu Jianxing. Idea on Holistic Medicine Based on the Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain. Am J Clin Exp Med. 2019;7(6):135-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13,
      author = {Xu Jianxing},
      title = {Idea on Holistic Medicine Based on the Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain},
      journal = {American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine},
      volume = {7},
      number = {6},
      pages = {135-142},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcem.20190706.13},
      abstract = {With the development of physical technology, life science has reached the molecular level. With the development of molecular biology, western medicine has carried out in-depth analysis and Experimental Research on diseases. Nevertheless, wise thinking about the theory and current situation of Western medicine can still find some problems worth to investigation. With the breakthroughs in cell and molecular biology, protein function and gene regulation have become the starting point and theoretical basis for thinking about medical problems and developing drugs. However, the human body is a multicellular organism, which is the coordination of multiple functional organs formed by orderly accumulation of cells. At present, the knowledge of molecular biology on the orderly accumulation of cells is still scarce in life science. This knowledge black hole makes Western medicine far from being based on a comprehensive understanding on the human body, thus making the scientific nature of Western medicine imperfect. Mitochondrial symbiosis is a landmark event in which life evolves from a single cell to a multicellular one. In our lab the discovery of electron leak pathways of the mitochondrial respiratory chain reminds me to describe the function of respiratory chain as the molecular "life-engine". The role of ROS generated in mitochondria through the electron leak pathways of the respiratory chain has become a new investigative field of health and longevity. The signal effect of ROS on antioxidant activity and tissue repair activity has become a hotspot in medical research. An idea to explore medical problems in perspective of bioenergetics came into being in my mind. In 2016, I published a paper in the Journal of clinical and experimental cardiology, which suggested that the human body should be regarded as a whole composed of a huge number of "life engines", and human health and medicine should be studied with thermodynamics. A big question is that the ROS generated by the electron leakage of respiratory chain has two opposite roles: it causes aging and diseases by the oxygen toxicity of ROS and it role as signal to stimulate antioxidative activity or tissue repair ability. Then how the human body makes decision to tell ROS play as a positive or negative role? Answering this question takes me long time searching. In this paper, I will elaborate on this issue from the perspective of cosmic energetics.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Idea on Holistic Medicine Based on the Electron Leak Pathways of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain
    AU  - Xu Jianxing
    Y1  - 2019/12/13
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13
    T2  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    JF  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    JO  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    SP  - 135
    EP  - 142
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8133
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20190706.13
    AB  - With the development of physical technology, life science has reached the molecular level. With the development of molecular biology, western medicine has carried out in-depth analysis and Experimental Research on diseases. Nevertheless, wise thinking about the theory and current situation of Western medicine can still find some problems worth to investigation. With the breakthroughs in cell and molecular biology, protein function and gene regulation have become the starting point and theoretical basis for thinking about medical problems and developing drugs. However, the human body is a multicellular organism, which is the coordination of multiple functional organs formed by orderly accumulation of cells. At present, the knowledge of molecular biology on the orderly accumulation of cells is still scarce in life science. This knowledge black hole makes Western medicine far from being based on a comprehensive understanding on the human body, thus making the scientific nature of Western medicine imperfect. Mitochondrial symbiosis is a landmark event in which life evolves from a single cell to a multicellular one. In our lab the discovery of electron leak pathways of the mitochondrial respiratory chain reminds me to describe the function of respiratory chain as the molecular "life-engine". The role of ROS generated in mitochondria through the electron leak pathways of the respiratory chain has become a new investigative field of health and longevity. The signal effect of ROS on antioxidant activity and tissue repair activity has become a hotspot in medical research. An idea to explore medical problems in perspective of bioenergetics came into being in my mind. In 2016, I published a paper in the Journal of clinical and experimental cardiology, which suggested that the human body should be regarded as a whole composed of a huge number of "life engines", and human health and medicine should be studied with thermodynamics. A big question is that the ROS generated by the electron leakage of respiratory chain has two opposite roles: it causes aging and diseases by the oxygen toxicity of ROS and it role as signal to stimulate antioxidative activity or tissue repair ability. Then how the human body makes decision to tell ROS play as a positive or negative role? Answering this question takes me long time searching. In this paper, I will elaborate on this issue from the perspective of cosmic energetics.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China

  • Sections