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Assessment of the Adherence of Primaquine for the Control and Elimination of Malaria in Senegal

Received: 18 August 2020     Accepted: 27 August 2020     Published: 16 September 2020
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Abstract

Primaquine is a drug widely used for Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment. It is known to be active on Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes which are responsible for the transmission of the parasite from humans to mosquitoes. In 2018, Senegal initiated the large-scale use of a single low dose of primaquine associated with artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria elimination. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic adherence of the implementation of primaquine in the Saint-Louis region. To measure therapeutic adherence, questionnaires were developed and made it possible to collect information from treated malaria patients, health workers, the investigating team and health authorities. Out of 1087 malaria patients, 585 received primaquine. Children under the age of 5 could not receive it due to the lack of the pediatric formulation. The involvement of private health facilities has shown its effectiveness in the implementation of the strategy. However, efforts must be made to improve the documentation of cases in the national surveillance system and to acquire logistical means facilitating the supply of the drug in remote locations. The authorities must become more involved in finding a solution for the availability and sufficient supply of primaquine to formulations adapted to the population.

Published in American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 8, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200805.17
Page(s) 185-188
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Malaria, Primaquine, Pediatric Formulation, Northern Senegal, Plasmodium falciparum

References
[1] WHO. World Malaria Report 2017. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO, 2017.
[2] R. C. Tine, K. Sylla, B. Faye B, E. Poirot, F. B. Fall, D. Sow, et al. Safety and efficacy of adding a single low dose of primaquine to the treatment of adult patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Senegal, to reduce gametocyte carriage: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2017; 65 (4): 535-43.
[3] Ministry of Health, Prevention and Social Action. National Strategic Plan to Fight Malaria in Senegal 2016 - 2020. National Program to Fight Malaria. 2015. K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[4] F. Santolamazz, P. Avellino, G. Siciliano, F. A. Yao, F. Lombardo, J. B. Ouédraogo, V. D. Mangano. Detection of Plasmodium falciparum male and female gametocytes and determination of parasite sex ratio in human endemic populations by novel, cheap and robust RTqPCR assays. Malar J. 2017; 16 (1), 468. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-2118-z.
[5] B. Greenwood and R. Tine. Primaquine to stop transmission of falciparum malaria. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2016; 16 (6), 623–624. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00550-2.
[6] WHO. Evidence Review Group: The Safety and Effectiveness of Single Dose Primaquine as a P. falciparum gametocytocide. WHO, Geneva: 2013.
[7] A. B. Sagna, L. Gaayeb, J. B. Sarr, S. Senghor, A. Poinsignon, S. Boutouaba-Combe, et al. Plasmodium falciparum infection during dry season: IgG responses to Anopheles gambiae salivary gSG6-P1 peptide as sensitive biomarker for malaria risk in Northern Senegal, Malar. J., 12 (1) (2013) 301. doi https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-301.
[8] O. Faye, O. Gaye, J. F. Molez, D. Fontenille, L. Konate, J. P. Hervé, et al. Aménagements hydro-agricoles et paludisme: Étude comparative d'une zone rizicole et d'une zone de culture, in: J. P. Hervé, J. Brengues (Eds.), Aménagements hydro-agricoles et santé (vallée du fleuve Sénégal), Paris, ORSTOM, 1998, pp. 283-291. http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010014352 accessed 9/4/2018.
[9] WHO. Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action. Switzerland, World Health Organization, 2003, 211 p. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42682/9241545992.pdf?sequence=1 accessed 9/1/2020.
[10] S. V. Dlamini, R. J. Kosgei, N. Mkhonta, Z. Zulu, K. Makadzange, S. Zhou, P. Owiti, et al. Case management of malaria in Swaziland, 2011–2015: on track for elimination?. PHA 2018; 8 (S1): S3–S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.17.0047.
[11] W. R. Taylor, H. K. Naw, K. Maitland, T. N. Williams, M. Kapulu, U. D’Alessandro, et al. Single low-dose primaquine for blocking transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria – a proposed model-derived age-based regimen for sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Medicine. 2018; 16 (1): 11.
[12] J. M. Cohen, S. Dlamini, J. M. Novotny, D. Kandula, S. Kunene, A. J. Tatem. Rapid case-based mapping of seasonal malaria transmission risk for strategic elimination planning in Swaziland. Malar J. 2013; 12 (1): 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-61.
[13] T. Yangzom, C. S. Gueye, R. Namgay, G. N. Galappaththy, K. Thimasarn, R. Gosling, et al. Malaria control in Bhutan: case study of a country embarking on elimination. Malar J. 2012; 11 (1): 9.
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    Kiswendsida Thierry Guiguemde, Yakou Dieye, Babacar Faye. (2020). Assessment of the Adherence of Primaquine for the Control and Elimination of Malaria in Senegal. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 8(5), 185-188. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200805.17

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    ACS Style

    Kiswendsida Thierry Guiguemde; Yakou Dieye; Babacar Faye. Assessment of the Adherence of Primaquine for the Control and Elimination of Malaria in Senegal. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2020, 8(5), 185-188. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200805.17

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    AMA Style

    Kiswendsida Thierry Guiguemde, Yakou Dieye, Babacar Faye. Assessment of the Adherence of Primaquine for the Control and Elimination of Malaria in Senegal. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2020;8(5):185-188. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20200805.17

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20200805.17,
      author = {Kiswendsida Thierry Guiguemde and Yakou Dieye and Babacar Faye},
      title = {Assessment of the Adherence of Primaquine for the Control and Elimination of Malaria in Senegal},
      journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
      volume = {8},
      number = {5},
      pages = {185-188},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20200805.17},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200805.17},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20200805.17},
      abstract = {Primaquine is a drug widely used for Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment. It is known to be active on Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes which are responsible for the transmission of the parasite from humans to mosquitoes. In 2018, Senegal initiated the large-scale use of a single low dose of primaquine associated with artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria elimination. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic adherence of the implementation of primaquine in the Saint-Louis region. To measure therapeutic adherence, questionnaires were developed and made it possible to collect information from treated malaria patients, health workers, the investigating team and health authorities. Out of 1087 malaria patients, 585 received primaquine. Children under the age of 5 could not receive it due to the lack of the pediatric formulation. The involvement of private health facilities has shown its effectiveness in the implementation of the strategy. However, efforts must be made to improve the documentation of cases in the national surveillance system and to acquire logistical means facilitating the supply of the drug in remote locations. The authorities must become more involved in finding a solution for the availability and sufficient supply of primaquine to formulations adapted to the population.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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    T1  - Assessment of the Adherence of Primaquine for the Control and Elimination of Malaria in Senegal
    AU  - Kiswendsida Thierry Guiguemde
    AU  - Yakou Dieye
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    AB  - Primaquine is a drug widely used for Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment. It is known to be active on Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes which are responsible for the transmission of the parasite from humans to mosquitoes. In 2018, Senegal initiated the large-scale use of a single low dose of primaquine associated with artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria elimination. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic adherence of the implementation of primaquine in the Saint-Louis region. To measure therapeutic adherence, questionnaires were developed and made it possible to collect information from treated malaria patients, health workers, the investigating team and health authorities. Out of 1087 malaria patients, 585 received primaquine. Children under the age of 5 could not receive it due to the lack of the pediatric formulation. The involvement of private health facilities has shown its effectiveness in the implementation of the strategy. However, efforts must be made to improve the documentation of cases in the national surveillance system and to acquire logistical means facilitating the supply of the drug in remote locations. The authorities must become more involved in finding a solution for the availability and sufficient supply of primaquine to formulations adapted to the population.
    VL  - 8
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Author Information
  • Department of Medical Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

  • PATH, Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership (MACEPA), Dakar, Senegal

  • Department of Medical Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

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