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Occurrence of Aflatoxin Producing Mould in Irvingia Gabonensis (Bush Mango) Seeds Sold Within Jos Metropolis

Received: 23 February 2017     Accepted: 21 March 2017     Published: 18 October 2017
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Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of aflatoxin producing mould in Irvingia gabonensis (Bush Mango) seeds sold within Jos metropolis. The total fungal load per sample was gotten from plate count and expressed as Colony Forming Units per gram of sample (cfu/g). The aflatoxigenicity of the fungal isolates was also evaluated on Coconut Extract Agar (CEA) by exposing the reversed side of plates to 365nm ultraviolet light. The result showed that mean fungal count of I. gabonensis ranges from 3.2×106 to 4.0 × 106 cfu / g. The fungi that were implicated for the contamination of the I. gabonensis include: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumingatus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, Peneillium chrisogenu, Verticelium leceanii, Rhizopus oryzea, Fusarium sporotrichoides and yeast. Strains of V. leceanii, yeast and A. flavus were the most predominant at 47.9%, 37.5% and 35.4% respectively. By a way of comparison, the result also showed that Bush Mango seeds from Terminus and Gadabiyu were the most contaminated, followed by Faringada and then Angwa Rukuba. Out of the 39 Aspergillus species isolated, only 4 strains exhibited aflatoxin producing potential. The presence of these aflatoxigenic mould on I. gabonensis seeds presents high health risk and calls for more regulations and periodical assessment of Bush Mango seeds sold in open markets.

Published in American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 5, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12
Page(s) 92-95
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Aflatoxigenic, Fungi, Irvingia Gabonensis, Mycotoxin

References
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[3] Becer, U. K., & Filazi, A. (2010). Aflatoxins, Nitrates and Nitrites Analysis In TheCommercial Cat And Dog Foods. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 18(11), 2523-2527.
[4] Bosco, F., & Mollea, C. (2012). Mycotoxins in Food. In: Valdez B. (ed), Food Industrial Processes- Methods and Equipment, InTech, 169-200, Available from, http://www.intechopen.com/books/food-industrial-processes-methods-and-equipment, (accessed 13 May 2012).
[5] cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20401/InTech-Aflatoxins_contamination_analysis_ and_control.pdf, (accessed 13 May 2012).
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[7] Dors, G. C., Caldas, S. S., Feddern, V., Bemvenuti, R. H., Hackbart, H. C. S., Souza, M. M., Oliveira, M. S., Garda-Buffon, J., Primel, E. G., & Badiale-Furlong, E. (2011). Aflatoxins: Contamination, Analysis and Control. In Guevara-González RG. (Ed), Aflatoxins- Biochemistry and Molcecular Biology, InTech, 415-438, Available from, http://
[8] Hussein, H. S. and Brasel, J. M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism and impact of mycotoxin on human and animals. Toxicology, 167: 101-134.
[9] Miller, J. D., Beardall, J. M. (1994). In Miller, J. D. and Trenholm H. L. (Eds). Mycotoxins in grains: compounds other than aflatoxin. Eagan press. St. Paul, Minnesota USA. Pp. 487-593.
[10] Negedu, A., Atawodi, S. E., Ameh, J. B., Umoh, V. J., & Tanko, H. Y. (2011). Economic and Health Perspectives of Mycotoxins: A Review. Continental Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 5(1), 5-26.
[11] Okafor, J. C. (1978). Development of forest tree crops for food supplies to Nigeria. Forest Ecology Management 17: 1-11.
[12] Olayemi FF, Raji AO, Adedayo MR. Microbiological quality of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) smoked with Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI) developed smoking kiln. Inter. Res. J. Microb. 2012; 3(13):426-430.
[13] Shaltout FA, Edris AM. Contamination of shawerma with pathogenic yeasts. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 1999; 41:170-176.
[14] Shanthini CF, Patterson J. Fungi in salted and dried fish of Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India. Fisheries Technologists, Cochin. India. 2003; 412-417.
[15] Shuaib, F. M. B., Ehiri, J., Abdullahi, A., Williams, J. H., & Jolly, P. E. (2010). Reproductive health effects of aflatoxins: A review of the literature. Reproductive Toxicology, 29, 262-270.
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    Katnap Ramnan Selvyat, Arome A. F., Zakari H., Juliet Okechalu, Nanbol K. K., et al. (2017). Occurrence of Aflatoxin Producing Mould in Irvingia Gabonensis (Bush Mango) Seeds Sold Within Jos Metropolis. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 5(5), 92-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12

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    ACS Style

    Katnap Ramnan Selvyat; Arome A. F.; Zakari H.; Juliet Okechalu; Nanbol K. K., et al. Occurrence of Aflatoxin Producing Mould in Irvingia Gabonensis (Bush Mango) Seeds Sold Within Jos Metropolis. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2017, 5(5), 92-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12

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    AMA Style

    Katnap Ramnan Selvyat, Arome A. F., Zakari H., Juliet Okechalu, Nanbol K. K., et al. Occurrence of Aflatoxin Producing Mould in Irvingia Gabonensis (Bush Mango) Seeds Sold Within Jos Metropolis. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2017;5(5):92-95. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12,
      author = {Katnap Ramnan Selvyat and Arome A. F. and Zakari H. and Juliet Okechalu and Nanbol K. K. and Kumzhi P. R. and Joseph Aje Anejo-Okopi},
      title = {Occurrence of Aflatoxin Producing Mould in Irvingia Gabonensis (Bush Mango) Seeds Sold Within Jos Metropolis},
      journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
      volume = {5},
      number = {5},
      pages = {92-95},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20170505.12},
      abstract = {This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of aflatoxin producing mould in Irvingia gabonensis (Bush Mango) seeds sold within Jos metropolis. The total fungal load per sample was gotten from plate count and expressed as Colony Forming Units per gram of sample (cfu/g). The aflatoxigenicity of the fungal isolates was also evaluated on Coconut Extract Agar (CEA) by exposing the reversed side of plates to 365nm ultraviolet light. The result showed that mean fungal count of I. gabonensis ranges from 3.2×106 to 4.0 × 106 cfu / g. The fungi that were implicated for the contamination of the I. gabonensis include: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumingatus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, Peneillium chrisogenu, Verticelium leceanii, Rhizopus oryzea, Fusarium sporotrichoides and yeast. Strains of V. leceanii, yeast and A. flavus were the most predominant at 47.9%, 37.5% and 35.4% respectively. By a way of comparison, the result also showed that Bush Mango seeds from Terminus and Gadabiyu were the most contaminated, followed by Faringada and then Angwa Rukuba. Out of the 39 Aspergillus species isolated, only 4 strains exhibited aflatoxin producing potential. The presence of these aflatoxigenic mould on I. gabonensis seeds presents high health risk and calls for more regulations and periodical assessment of Bush Mango seeds sold in open markets.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Occurrence of Aflatoxin Producing Mould in Irvingia Gabonensis (Bush Mango) Seeds Sold Within Jos Metropolis
    AU  - Katnap Ramnan Selvyat
    AU  - Arome A. F.
    AU  - Zakari H.
    AU  - Juliet Okechalu
    AU  - Nanbol K. K.
    AU  - Kumzhi P. R.
    AU  - Joseph Aje Anejo-Okopi
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    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12
    T2  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
    JF  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
    JO  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
    SP  - 92
    EP  - 95
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-880X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20170505.12
    AB  - This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of aflatoxin producing mould in Irvingia gabonensis (Bush Mango) seeds sold within Jos metropolis. The total fungal load per sample was gotten from plate count and expressed as Colony Forming Units per gram of sample (cfu/g). The aflatoxigenicity of the fungal isolates was also evaluated on Coconut Extract Agar (CEA) by exposing the reversed side of plates to 365nm ultraviolet light. The result showed that mean fungal count of I. gabonensis ranges from 3.2×106 to 4.0 × 106 cfu / g. The fungi that were implicated for the contamination of the I. gabonensis include: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumingatus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, Peneillium chrisogenu, Verticelium leceanii, Rhizopus oryzea, Fusarium sporotrichoides and yeast. Strains of V. leceanii, yeast and A. flavus were the most predominant at 47.9%, 37.5% and 35.4% respectively. By a way of comparison, the result also showed that Bush Mango seeds from Terminus and Gadabiyu were the most contaminated, followed by Faringada and then Angwa Rukuba. Out of the 39 Aspergillus species isolated, only 4 strains exhibited aflatoxin producing potential. The presence of these aflatoxigenic mould on I. gabonensis seeds presents high health risk and calls for more regulations and periodical assessment of Bush Mango seeds sold in open markets.
    VL  - 5
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    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Plant Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

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