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A New Hypothesis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
25-30
Received:
24 November 2020
Accepted:
9 December 2020
Published:
13 April 2021
Abstract: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is the product the mutation the gene-dystrophine and appearing defective protein dystropnin. Its function is unclear, suppose protection membranes during the contraction-relax skeletal muscles. The cytoplasmic dystrophin acts as the complexes with different proteins inside and around membranes, which are placing in skeletal muscls, heart, different regions brain, internal organs, their function unclear. The high activity enzyme creatin-kinasa in the patients blood is the known fact which is usually explain damage of the process contraction-relax skeletal muscles. The surprising activity enzyme -23 000 M E was found by author at large families with typical pedigree where have some patients and some boys without signs muscle weakness. There were 4 boys 12-22 months life during forming walk, later these boys were diagnosed as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients. Such activity I did not find in literature. Usually the highest activity enzyme 10 000-12 000 ME. This fact testify the simultaneously damage many membranes on large territory, it permits suppose organized damage membranes. Author believe all complexes normal dystrophines may work as one System, beginning learn walk and finishing as age myopathy after 60 years. Suppose the System was ancient and appeared when movements become intensive and one gene utrophine/dystrophine turned out in two genes: utrophin and dystrophin. Dystrophin signal communication is known, but its investigation has begun and showed complex signaling pathways. It is possible to suppose that the first stage of the disease is damage signaling ways. Damage homeostasis and membranes is the second stage. There are deep changes of metabolism: decreasing true muscle proteins, phospholipids, increasing hormones, appearing hyper aminoaciduria. Apoptosis –the three stage of the disease and general destructive factor which turn out pathologic process to the fatal end. Apoptosis hinder all tryings organism to interrupt pathological process and therapeutic trying. Apoptosis can not stop once it began. All three stages have place in preclinical time. The clinic symptoms express destruction more the half skeletal muscles, severe damage metabolism, damage system protection membranes and can not be onset of the disease. The important problem of the disease – studying interaction dystrophin-complexes with membranes during physical stress, signaling ways. Two factors determinate rapid course: damage D-System and apoptosis.
Abstract: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is the product the mutation the gene-dystrophine and appearing defective protein dystropnin. Its function is unclear, suppose protection membranes during the contraction-relax skeletal muscles. The cytoplasmic dystrophin acts as the complexes with different proteins inside and around membranes, which are placing in skele...
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Brain Laterality Demands that Two Human Species Exist: Evidence from Hemisity and Familaial Polariity
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
31-37
Received:
15 March 2021
Accepted:
29 March 2021
Published:
13 April 2021
Abstract: The asymmetric location of functional units in the bilateral brain of animals and humans is the topic of brain laterality. So far, five lateralized functions have been discovered in humans: handedness, language ability, spatial skills, facial recognition, and emotion recognition. Recently a sixth asymmetric functional element bearing upon personality has been discovered. It is the larger side of the split bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This appears to be the final output element of the brain’s executive system, of which by logic there can be only one. Hemisity is the binary measure, based upon eight MRI validated biophysical and questionnaire methods. It determines whether a person was born with the larger side of the ACC on the right or left side of the brain. Which side of the ACC is largest varies among the general population in a seemingly random manner, yet with a genetic basis because true-breeding lineages exist. The corpus callosum of subjects was up to three times larger when the larger ACC was on the right, than on the left. There are over 30 measurable differences in in individual characteristics and behaviors of male or female persons whose larger ACC was on the right compared to those with it on the left. Familial Polarity refers to the mating outcomes of the four reproductive pairs: RM-LF; RF-LM; RM-RF; LM-LF. The first two “opposites attract” reproductive pairs were true breeding, producing offspring that were “like father like son, like mother like daughter”. The offspring of the last two “same-same” pairs, were not true breeding, but rather their offspring were random in sex and hemisity. The simplest explanation for these results is that life on earth originated twice, once in deep sea vents and once in warm surface ponds. This resulted in two trees of life, one Patripolar (RM-LF) harem forming, the other Matripolar (RF-LM) territorial. Africa was the first subcontinent to evolve life to the level of primates, which upon docking populated the eastern hemisphere Eurasia in six waves. The first was the patripolar orangutans who settled in the empty far-east to become the orientals. Then next wave was the matripolar bonobos who stopped at India, and was followed by four later waves out of Africa. These alternating populations were immiscible and adversarial, with wars dominating their interfaces. This continues into the present day. Understanding Familial Polarity helps bring understanding and thus peace to the globe.
Abstract: The asymmetric location of functional units in the bilateral brain of animals and humans is the topic of brain laterality. So far, five lateralized functions have been discovered in humans: handedness, language ability, spatial skills, facial recognition, and emotion recognition. Recently a sixth asymmetric functional element bearing upon personali...
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The Mental Health Act and Public Perception on Resource Allocation in Bangladesh
Md. Sanwar Siraj,
Rebecca Susan Dewey,
Md Ikhtiar Uddin Bhuiyan,
Kamrul Hasan,
Md Yousuf Ali,
Ahnaf Tahmid Arnab
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
38-43
Received:
19 March 2021
Accepted:
7 April 2021
Published:
13 April 2021
Abstract: The Bangladesh government passed a new Mental Health Act in 2018, which formally came into effect on November 14. In order to decrease the significance and endurance of the hundred-year-old statute, the Lunacy Act of 1912, the government enacted the new Act by reformation. The Act is designed to ensure the provision of health services, the preservation of dignity, property rights and rehabilitation, and the general wellbeing of individuals suffering from diseases and disorders associated with mental health. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of public opinions around mental health with regard to resource allocation by policy makers in Bangladesh. By reviewing mental health policy documents and the political literature on resource allocation in mental health, this study finds that despite the provisions of the Act, the lack of public support in mental health often discourages policymakers from allocating appropriate medical resources in mental health services. Since Bangladeshis generally perceive mental illness as a divine punishment apportioned by devil spirit or jinee, public support for mental health services is lacking. Consequently, Bangladeshi policy makers are discouraged from allocating the necessary resources and services in mental health. At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, the shortage of facilities and funds for mental health was acute, creating a huge burden on families of people with mental illness. In order to provide psychological and mental welfare services to its mentally ill and disorder-related patients, the government of Bangladesh must allocate the required resources in mental health.
Abstract: The Bangladesh government passed a new Mental Health Act in 2018, which formally came into effect on November 14. In order to decrease the significance and endurance of the hundred-year-old statute, the Lunacy Act of 1912, the government enacted the new Act by reformation. The Act is designed to ensure the provision of health services, the preserva...
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Toxic Substances Use and Juvenile Violence in Ivory Coast: The Case of Young Adults and Adolescents in Conflict with the Law, Known as "Microbes"
Konan Koffi Paulin,
Traore Brahim Samuel,
Kouassi Ettien Silvie,
Aka Rita Ahou,
Yeo-Tenena Yessonguilana Jean-marie
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
44-49
Received:
7 March 2021
Accepted:
29 April 2021
Published:
8 May 2021
Abstract: At the end of a post-electoral crisis in 2011, urban delinquency in Ivory Coast is undergoing a deep change. Young adults and teenagers attack the population according to a triptych that signs a particular modus operandi. An interpretation of this criminality, which is foreign to the taxonomy of delinquency, attempts to situate the place of toxic substances in the criminal actions of those whom the population calls "microbes". This was a cross-cutting study lasting three (03) months. Based on the exhaustive sampling technique, 123 subjects out of 583 young people in conflict with the law enrolled in a resocialisation and reintegration project in 2020, were selected. The respondents were all male, aged 10-25 years old and all out of school. They were all polydrug users, with prevalences of 98.37% for cannabis and 95.12% and 91.87% respectively for psychotropic drugs diverted from their therapeutic use and alcohol. Their criminal trajectory revealed offences of theft in meetings (100%) and assault and battery (84.55%), 15.45% of which led to death. Ritualisation was noted in the preparation of the assaults and in their execution; the first stage being conditioning by the consumption of a "psychoactive cocktail", the second: acting in a gang, and finally the third stage: execution of a scene of murderous violence with knives and unusual weapons 97.28% (machete, axe and human bones). Criminal intentionality presides over the act in the case of "microbes". Drug use only serves to convey a feeling of omnipotence and an increase in cortical excitement. It thus responds to a ritualisation imbued with symbolic signifiers and constitutes a preparatory conditioning for planned predatory violence. The traditional tandem drug and crime should not be the only explanatory approach to all criminal violence among drug users.
Abstract: At the end of a post-electoral crisis in 2011, urban delinquency in Ivory Coast is undergoing a deep change. Young adults and teenagers attack the population according to a triptych that signs a particular modus operandi. An interpretation of this criminality, which is foreign to the taxonomy of delinquency, attempts to situate the place of toxic s...
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Involvement with Juvenile Justice System as a Motivational Factor for Treatment for Adolescents with Substance Abuse Disorder: Their Parents’ Views
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
50-58
Received:
24 March 2021
Accepted:
15 April 2021
Published:
14 May 2021
Abstract: The paper at hand aims at exploring whether engagement with the penal judicial system can affect drug using adolescents’ decision to seek treatment, by studying the relative views and beliefs of their parents. The main research questions are concerned with the parents’ beliefs about the effect of the judicial institutions (e.g. police, prosecutors, judges, juvenile probation officers) and the enforcement of reformative – treatment measures on motivating youths. A Likert-based scale was used as the main data collection tool, as it was considered most suitable with respect to the study’s goals, research questions and theoretical grounding. Data were descriptively analysed using the SPSS software, looking into the frequency distributions and the correlation matrices of the variables of interest. Results show that all parents consider the effect of the judicial institutions’ involvement on the motivation of the juvenile addicted offenders as very significant. According to the participants’ responses, intense policing, the involvement of the juvenile prosecutors and probation officers, the application of a personalized intervention model, the enforcement of reformative measures and the referral - by the judicial authorities - to a rehabilitation program, can all have a decisive effect on an adolescent’s decision to discontinue drug use.
Abstract: The paper at hand aims at exploring whether engagement with the penal judicial system can affect drug using adolescents’ decision to seek treatment, by studying the relative views and beliefs of their parents. The main research questions are concerned with the parents’ beliefs about the effect of the judicial institutions (e.g. police, prosecutors,...
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Embodied Virtual Reality Mirror Visual Feedback for an Adult with Cerebral Palsy
Kim Bullock,
Andrea Stevenson Won,
Jeremy Bailenson,
Julie Muccini,
Margot Paul,
Helen Bronte Stewart
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
59-67
Received:
12 April 2021
Accepted:
8 May 2021
Published:
21 May 2021
Abstract: Virtual reality-assisted physical therapy and mirror visual feedback (MVF) are promising treatments for children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, thus far, neither interventions’ use has been reported in adults with CP. The following case report examines the safety and feasibility of using customized virtual reality (VR) interventions to deliver MVF to an adult with hemiplegic CP and right sided pain, weakness, and dystonias. A weekly intervention was delivered in an ambulatory care setting over one year. Self-reported pain, motor function, anxiety, disability, quality of life and depression were monitored weekly. The treatment was acceptable and well tolerated with no instances of cybersickness. The intervention showed immediate and consistent pain relief during treatment, similar to those reported in other studies, with the percentage of pain relief during sessions ranging from 6.25% to 38.5%. Motor function, including range of motion, control, and dexterity, were improved per patient report. However, the duration of pain relief lasted only 2–4 days between sessions. The authors believe that the present findings may inspire others treating adults and children with CP to explore the use of MVF and VR to enhance rehabilitation with an emphasis on adapting technologies for home use. Further implications of these findings for the future are discussed.
Abstract: Virtual reality-assisted physical therapy and mirror visual feedback (MVF) are promising treatments for children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, thus far, neither interventions’ use has been reported in adults with CP. The following case report examines the safety and feasibility of using customized virtual reality (VR) interventions to deliver ...
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Mitochondrial Disorders in Stroke and Chronic Brain Ischemia
Sergey Victorovich Kotov,
Olga Petrovna Sidorova,
Elena Vasilyevna Borodataya,
Irina Anatolyevna Vasilenko
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
68-76
Received:
7 April 2021
Accepted:
21 April 2021
Published:
31 May 2021
Abstract: Stroke is the leading cause of disability and death in the adult population. Modern methods of treating patients with acute ischemic stroke include thrombolytic therapy with a narrow therapeutic window and endovascular thrombectomy. The development of other methods of treatment of brain hypoxia in the penumbra zone is relevant. Mitochondria, which are involved in immediate and delayed molecular mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxic stress in the cerebral cortex, primarily respond to hypoxia. Hypoxia induces reprogramming of the mitochondrial respiratory chain function and switching from oxidation of substrates of the respiratory chain complex I to succinate oxidation (complex II). The brain's need for succinate increases. Clinical studies have shown a positive effect of drugs containing succinates on the course of stroke. The study of mitochondrial function is carried out mainly in an experiment. In the present study of mitochondrial disorders in stroke and chronic brain ischemia in adult patients, the quantitative method proposed by A. G. Pearse was used to assess the activity of mitochondrial enzymes of peripheral blood lymphocytes, which are referred to as the "enematic mirror" of tissues. In acute cerebral ischemia, a compensatory increase in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase was observed on the first day, indicating the tension (increased activity) of the second complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.. These data confirm the need to prescribe succinic acid in the acute phase of stroke. At the same time, the dose of 250 mg per day is not sufficient for patients with increased body weight. The standard dose of the drug should be higher, taking into account the different body weight of patients. In patients with stroke, there was also a decrease in the activity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, which is involved in the fat metabolism of mitochondria, which is an indication for the appointment of carnitine. In chronic brain ischemia, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase decreased, indicating indications for the appointment of idebenone and carnitine along with vasodilator therapy and endovascular thrombectomy. Thus, the results of a study of mitochondrial function in patients with acute and chronic brain ischemia are presented. Violations of complex II in the respiratory chain cycle and violation of fat metabolism were revealed, indicating indications for the appointment of energotropic therapy.
Abstract: Stroke is the leading cause of disability and death in the adult population. Modern methods of treating patients with acute ischemic stroke include thrombolytic therapy with a narrow therapeutic window and endovascular thrombectomy. The development of other methods of treatment of brain hypoxia in the penumbra zone is relevant. Mitochondria, which ...
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BAG1 Overexpression Stabilizes High Molecular Tau Protein – a Crucial Role of the Co-chaperone in Tau Pathology
Sandra Caecilie Signore,
Fred Silvester Wouters,
Matthias Schmitz,
Mathias Baehr,
Pawel Kermer
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
77-85
Received:
2 June 2021
Accepted:
16 June 2021
Published:
23 June 2021
Abstract: The Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1 (BAG1) exerts neuroprotective properties which has been shown in several studies of neurodegenerative disease models like Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and even cerebral ischemia. On the basis of the well-known neuroprotective function of the co-chaperone, we wanted to examine its properties in a model for Alzheimer’s disease, a neurological disorder of great significance. One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, besides extracellular plaque formation, is the intra-neuronal accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein that leads to tau aggregation. When overexpressed together with a tau mutant with high propensity for aggregation, BAG1 led to the stabilization of high-molecular tau fragments in rat CSM 14.1 cells compared to wild-type cells. Deletion of the domain in BAG1 that is responsible for binding to Hsp70 (BAGΔC) abolished this effect, which could be confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In fact, BAG1 does not only increase mutant tau aggregation but also prevents its degradation by the proteasome. Immunochemistry revealed that overexpression of the Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1 gives rise to large tau aggregates surrounded by lysosomes. Furthermore, toxicity assays indicated increased tau toxicity in BAG1 overexpressing cells. Hence, in contrast to other neurodegenerative diseases, BAG1 seems to enhance Alzheimer´s pathology and to promote cell death due to the stabilization of aggregation-prone tau species that evade proteasomal clearance. To conclude, this analysis provides a new sight of the co-chaperone BAG1 and yet again demonstrates its complex influence in a model of Alzheimer’s disease.
Abstract: The Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1 (BAG1) exerts neuroprotective properties which has been shown in several studies of neurodegenerative disease models like Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and even cerebral ischemia. On the basis of the well-known neuroprotective function of the co-chaperone, we wanted to examine its properties in a model ...
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