Survey on the Use of Energy in Ovens for Baking Bread in North Central Nigeria
Adamu Cornelius Smah,
Ijabo Oga Joshua,
Obetta Samuel Enyi
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
50-56
Received:
24 May 2021
Accepted:
4 June 2021
Published:
21 June 2021
Abstract: Bread is a staple food prepared from flour and water, usually by baking. In Africa, bread is the most consumed food, but are not mostly baked according to standards. This investigation was aimed at finding out the use of different sources of energy, temperature, and time of baking in bakeries and to determine suitable empirical parameters for the construction of dual powered automated oven for baking bread. Some major bread consuming local governments were selected in the states of Benue and Nasarawa. Gboko, Otukpo and Makurdi were the local governments selected in Benue state where 10 questionnaires were administered in each local government by direct delivery. Lafia, Akwanga and Keffi local governments’ areas were selected in Nasarawa State where 10 questionnaires were also served. they were retrieved after being filled by respective respondents and the data collected were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics of frequency, percentages and ANOVA. The mean temperature was estimated to be 179.38±19.90°C in Benue state and 153.13±19.90°C in Nasarawa State. The mean time of baking was found to be 29.06±19.90min in Benue state and 27.50±1.12min in Nasarawa state. The temperature and time in both states are not significantly different at (p<0.05). The energy sources in percentage in Benue state were estimated to be 70%, 3%, 7%, 17%, 3% and 0% for wood/charcoal, gas, electricity, electricity versus gas (separated), and dual powered of electricity and gas respectively. In Nasarawa state, the sources of energy were found to be 47%, 30%, 3%, 13%, 7% and 0% for wood/charcoal, gas, electricity, electricity versus gas (separated), charcoal versus gas (separated) and dual powered of electricity and gas respectively. The mean cost of energy consumption in both states were estimated to be N8218.75±720.16and N4625.00 ±720in Benue and Nasarawa state and the cost of energy consumption are significantly different at (P<0.05) respectively. The results show that no bakery in both states uses dual automated oven for baking bread. A mean temperature of 166.26±19.90°C and mean time of 28.28±1.12minutes was established for North-Central Nigeria and could stand as a standard for the construction of dual automated oven for baking bread.
Abstract: Bread is a staple food prepared from flour and water, usually by baking. In Africa, bread is the most consumed food, but are not mostly baked according to standards. This investigation was aimed at finding out the use of different sources of energy, temperature, and time of baking in bakeries and to determine suitable empirical parameters for the c...
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A Review of Development and Application of Solar Photovoltaic Powered Refrigeration System
Gangadhar V. Amratwar,
Umesh V. Hambire
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
57-61
Received:
13 July 2021
Accepted:
2 August 2021
Published:
13 August 2021
Abstract: This paper describes the review of previous studies on experimentation and simulation of solar PV panel-based vaccine refrigerator and performance evaluation in different part of the world. In India, there are many regional places where electrical power is not available therefore vaccine preservation is challenge and due to this, people are losing their life. Solar PV based solution would help us to resolve this challenge in India. In South Africa, electricity availability and refrigeration need is a challenge. In techno –economic assessment study, they carried out AC operated refrigerator and DC operated refrigerator with Solar PV based electrical supply and observed that AC refrigerator has relatively high-power consumption in comparison with DC refrigerator. In one of the review paper, they studied the lessons learned across many countries in solar refrigeration units sold by WHO and the outcome of study was for sustainable financing mechanism and incentives, long term maintenance and repair is required. Also, the system design to be carried out with solar experts as well as installations to be done by well trained technicians. The keys to success included the use of WHO PQS prequalified approved equipment supplied by qualified vendor and installation done by well trained technicians. Battery failure in Senegal from 1993 to 2002, @34 villages of the region of Senegal were equipped with photovoltaic powered systems in health centers. 9 of those installations included refrigerators. The proper planning and well training to the technical professional would help to maintain proper caring of all the installed units and those have resulted in a good condition after 5 years later. A PV system set up with a refrigerator having 25 mm PU foam insulation thickness, min. 320 W panel capacity along with 50 Ah battery capacity and with 50 mm insulation, 200 W panel is capacity is enough. In both combination, unutilized power is not used by the system in the peak sunny days. With the change in AC compressor motor to DC compressor, inverter is not required and load on the PV panel would be less. In case of AC refrigerator, power surges of magnitudes 250-425 W during cycling whereas in case of DC refrigerator, power surges of less than 75 W. With the previous learning on Solar refrigerators failure across many places in the world, recommendation is to plan properly initial and recurring investment for the future, also allow only professional system designers, Plan for perfect installation and repair services and closely monitor the cooling performance of the solar refrigerator. With the help of solar tracking system, the best possible power from PV system can be produced from sunshine to sunset.
Abstract: This paper describes the review of previous studies on experimentation and simulation of solar PV panel-based vaccine refrigerator and performance evaluation in different part of the world. In India, there are many regional places where electrical power is not available therefore vaccine preservation is challenge and due to this, people are losing ...
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