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Research Article
Cameroon and Germany: A Hundred Years of Breakdown and Continuity 1916-2016 “Kamerun Territoriality: Disruption or Breakdown and Continuity”
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
1-6
Received:
26 November 2024
Accepted:
11 December 2024
Published:
7 January 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20251301.11
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Abstract: German Kamerun broke down and ceased to exist in 1916 after its new acquisitions were seized by the French and the initial territory partitioned into two new unique territories of British Cameroon and French Cameroun. The British soon decided to divide their small and narrow territory into separate administrative units of Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons. From 1916 to 1961, both the British and French territories separately bore in its territory a little semblance of Old Kamerun and in connection with Germany. In 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France. But the British Southern Cameroons that also had a functional government was denied outright independence and compelled to unite with the other in 1961 in a clumsy effort to reunite former Kamerun. The British Northern Cameroons that did not have a single administration integrated permanently with Nigeria. The new united Cameroon Federation began to relate with Germany no longer as separate countries but as one country, although without those factors like language and culture that had brought the defunct Kamerun and Germany closer together. Yet the written name of the territories in different languages continued to sound the same. In addition, some vestiges of the old German past were still inheritances of modern Cameroon as well as some functional remnants of the Old Kamerun frontiers. Thus from 1916 to 2016 the separate territories and, later the united Cameroon continued to maintain a continual relationship with Germany and the Germans.
Abstract: German Kamerun broke down and ceased to exist in 1916 after its new acquisitions were seized by the French and the initial territory partitioned into two new unique territories of British Cameroon and French Cameroun. The British soon decided to divide their small and narrow territory into separate administrative units of Southern Cameroons and Nor...
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Research Article
What Prabhu Ram Has Left for Us in the Earth: Essential Lessons
Ram Krishna Mandal*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
7-11
Received:
11 October 2024
Accepted:
9 November 2024
Published:
17 January 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20251301.12
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Abstract: The two epics that form the basis of the Bharatiya Scriptures are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics contain a wealth of knowledge. Both inside and outside of India, the Ramayana has had an indescribable and enduring influence on people's social and familial lives, cultures, and literary works. Objective: The study's goal is to investigate the crucial life lessons that the Ramayana teaches us. Method and Materials: The data is collected from secondary sources of ancient Indian knowledge, such as articles, websites, online journals, and books like the Ramayan that have been published over time. Result and Discussion: There are many moral precepts and life lessons in "The Ramayana." The same relationship between several characters with various relationship dynamics was depicted in the Ramayana. Rama — Laxmana, Ravana — Bhibhishan, Rama — Bharata, Vali — Shugriv had very different brotherly relationships. No amount of suffering or sorrow can ever touch us if we begin to find contentment within ourselves. Findings: A genuine love and devotion for the Lord will direct us along the correct path in life. One of the most well-known and cherished lessons from the Ramayana is that Good always prevails over Evil, regardless of how powerful Evil may appear to be. Conclusion: The ageless epic Ramayana offers a profound examination of human values and the idea of Dharma. It still has relevance in the modern world and acts as a moral compass, pointing people in the direction of righteousness.
Abstract: The two epics that form the basis of the Bharatiya Scriptures are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics contain a wealth of knowledge. Both inside and outside of India, the Ramayana has had an indescribable and enduring influence on people's social and familial lives, cultures, and literary works. Objective: The study's goal is to investiga...
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Research Article
Saraswati in Brahmin and Non-Brahmin Tradition: A Discussion
Pragya Chaturvedi*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
12-14
Received:
21 December 2024
Accepted:
14 January 2025
Published:
17 February 2025
Abstract: Goddess Saraswati is the patroness of art, culture and the fruits of the intellect. In Vedic hymns her name means “lady of the water” or “Flowing one”. The goddess originally derived her name from the river Saraswati. It has been conjectured that the river was attributed with powers of inspiration because many Vedic hymns were composed on its utterance. The Rigveda praises her intellectually refining presence. In puranic mythology she was associated with male deities such as Brahma and Vishnu, but she resumed autonomous status in puranic theologies and came to be worshipped independently. Saraswati became the goddess of learning, giver of wisdom to the newborn, bestower of poetic skill and granter of knowledge and wisdom. Saraswati is also known as the originator of the musical art. The objective of this paper is to show that the river Saraswati gradually in the form of goddess has been associated with intellect and artistic pursuits who pours forth the nectar of knowledge and artistic inspiration, nourishing the mind and spirit of the people. Various Saraswati images found from different parts of India indicate that the river Saraswati has been recognized in both brahmin and non-brahmin traditions overtime as the goddess of wisdom and goddess of music and art respectively.
Abstract: Goddess Saraswati is the patroness of art, culture and the fruits of the intellect. In Vedic hymns her name means “lady of the water” or “Flowing one”. The goddess originally derived her name from the river Saraswati. It has been conjectured that the river was attributed with powers of inspiration because many Vedic hymns were composed on its utter...
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Communication
Crusade in the Hinterland: Mediaeval Heritage in Cavalhadas and Cheganças
Marcus Baccega*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
15-25
Received:
22 April 2025
Accepted:
8 May 2025
Published:
16 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20251301.14
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Abstract: This paper aims at analysing the mediaeval traits and long-term inheritances pertaining to popular feasts called cheganças, in the Northeastern part of Brazil, and cavalhadas, in the country’s hinterland. These popular culture celebrations are annually held in some small and even somewhat pitoresque towns and villages throughout Brazil and evince the land’s strong mediaeval bequest. In these popular culture events, two cohorts of knights act out a sort of scenic combat, performing a joust between Muslims and Christians, which sets forth the profound Crusade spirit in the conquest of Portuguese America. We as well endeavour to postulate a long-term historiographic explanation for this ancestral patrimony still flourishing in the countryside. Henceforth, Luis Weckmann’s idea of a mediaeval heritage in Hispanic and Postuguese America, along with Werneck Sodré’s concept of a late Feudalism shall be mobilized in order to explain such immaterial patrimony. The paper attempts to address this intriguing cultural phenomenon from the point of view of Cultural History, interlarded with long-term political and macroeconomic issues, which brings us close to Karl Marx’s and Antonio Gramsci’s idea of a total analysis. From this scientific point of view, symbolic elements shall be highlighted and decipherd in order to set forth Brazilian mediaeval heritage. Henceforth, we do not pinpoint some elements of potential interest, such us tourism around the cavalhadas and cheganças, or microeconomic aspects surrounding the ineluctable commerce developing in these areas of Brazil. This would indeed surpass our goals in the present text. Along the explanation, we approach the origin of the popular feasts, which first came about merged with the celebrations of the Holy Spirit in Portugal and Leon. As a matter of fact, we advocate that the conquest and colonization of Potuguese America was a late-feudal process. Lastly, we endeavour to evince the late-feudal background of these cultural manifestations, thus proposing an innovative regard concerning what we could name profound Brazilian culture and long-term remains. In this regard, we affirm the binding of the cavalhadas and cheganças to the chevaleresque ideal of Crusade in Late Middle Ages. After all, we may state that this research is relevant in terms of exploring the profound roots of Brazilian, and Latin American in general, genuine culture, which endows us with the necessary knowledge not only to understand the pathways of Brazilian historical process, yet also to build up a rather promising future, based upon the singularity of the region’s past.
Abstract: This paper aims at analysing the mediaeval traits and long-term inheritances pertaining to popular feasts called cheganças, in the Northeastern part of Brazil, and cavalhadas, in the country’s hinterland. These popular culture celebrations are annually held in some small and even somewhat pitoresque towns and villages throughout Brazil and evince t...
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Research Article
Hindu Populism and the Rise of the BJP
Tian Mi*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2025
Pages:
26-34
Received:
23 April 2025
Accepted:
8 May 2025
Published:
16 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20251301.15
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Abstract: This study takes the political transformation of India during the 1980s as its starting point, a period that marked the shift from the long-standing dominance of the Indian National Congress to the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It aims to explore how India gradually transitioned from a constitutionally defined secular state to a political order increasingly oriented toward Hinduism. Using populism as the core theoretical framework, this paper analyzes how the BJP strategically constructed a binary opposition between the “political elite,” represented by the Congress Party, and the “common people,” and how it employed religious symbols, sacred imagery, and Hindu cultural narratives to mobilize mass support. By linking religious identity with political mobilization, the BJP successfully expanded its social base, attracting upper-caste groups, segments of the middle class, and sections of the female electorate. This paper argues that the BJP's rise was not merely a political realignment, but a fundamental shift that profoundly transformed the ideological landscape of Indian politics. The party’s populist mobilization, rooted in Hindu identity, laid the foundation for the politicization of religion and accelerated the broader rightward shift in India’s political order. Through this analysis, the study re-examines the BJP’s path to power and its profound impact on the trajectory of contemporary Indian politics, uncovering the historical roots of India’s current rightward turn.
Abstract: This study takes the political transformation of India during the 1980s as its starting point, a period that marked the shift from the long-standing dominance of the Indian National Congress to the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It aims to explore how India gradually transitioned from a constitutionally defined secular state to a politic...
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