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Dealing with Outlier in Linear Calibration Curves: A Case Study of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Received: 16 November 2017     Accepted: 24 November 2017     Published: 2 January 2018
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Abstract

Outlier in the calibration of lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) has been studied with help of the statistical tool F-test and T-test. The process consisted on measuring five standard solutions with three replicate to prepare the calibration curve. Ordinary least squares method (OLSM) was used to get the equation of the linear calibration curve; the correlation coefficient R² and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to validate the linearity of this calibration curve. Proceeding to the graphic representation and the residual plot of the calibration, a suspected outlier was found. The statistical tool F-test and T-test were used to examine the suspected outlier, they yield the same result and confirm the outlier data. The calibration curve with and without the outlier data were taken care to investigate the effect of this outlier in the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), the concentration of lead in the fourteen samples and the uncertainty related to calibration curve. It has been observed that the linearity of the calibration curve is accepted for both cases. For the case of the calibration with the outlier, the estimated LOD and LOQ were 1.76 µg L-1 and 5.18 µg L-1, respectively. The concentrations of lead in the sample are between 2.85 µg L-1 and 22.61µg L-1 and the uncertainty related to calibration curve vary between 1.17µg L-1 and 1.41 µg L-1. On the other hand, for the calibration without the outlier data, the value of LOD and LOQ were improved compared to the previous value, the value of these two parameters were 1.32 µg L-1 and 3.96 µg L-1, respectively. The concentration of lead in the sample vary between 2.75 µg L-1 and 22.52 µg L-1, compared to the previous concentration these value decrease from 0.40% and 3.29%. The uncertainties related to calibration curve vary between 0.90 µg L-1 and 1.09 µg L-1 for the second case, compared to the uncertainty in the first case, the uncertainty decreases from 22.48% to 23.53%. In conclusion, dealing with outlier improves the quality of the measurement and allow producing a reliable analytical data.

Published in World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 3, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12
Page(s) 10-16
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Outlier, Calibration Curve, Lead, Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantification, Uncertainty

References
[1] A. Alcázara, R. Muñiz-Valencia, S. G. Ceballos-Magaña, F. Raposo J. M. Jurado, "Some practical considerations for linearity assessment of calibration curves as function of concentration levels according to the fitness-for-purpose approach," 2017.
[2] Vicki J Barwick, Trevor J Duguid Farrant Stephen L R Ellison, Practical Statistics for the Analytical Scientist, 2nd ed.: RSC Publishing, 2009.
[3] Shaun Burke, "Regression and Calibration," Statistics and data analysis.
[4] Ting Ren, Li-Jiao Zhao Wen-Si Zhong, "Determination of Pb (Lead), Cd (Cadmium), Cr(Chromium), Cu (Copper), and Ni (Nickel) in Chinesetea with high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry," 2015.
[5] Manfred Reichenba¨cher and Ju¨rgen W. Einax, Challenges in Analytical Quality Assurance, 2011.
[6] Jacek Namie´snik Piotr Konieczka, Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the Analytical Chemical Laboratory.: WILEY-VCH, 2009.
[7] V. Dammann, G. Donnevert W. Funk, Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry, 2007.
[8] Roberto G. Junqueira Scheilla V. C. de Souza, "A procedure to assess linearity by ordinary least squares method," 2005.
[9] Ira S. Krull Michael E. Swartz, Handbook of Analytical Validation, 2012.
[10] RAZAFINTSALAMA Volasoa Tahiana, Dosage de métaux lourds (Pb, Cd, Fe) par la spectrométrie d’absorption atomique dans les tissus animaux, 2009.
[11] Ypatia Zannikou, Fanourios Zannikos Dimitrios Theodorou, "Estimation of the standard uncertainty of a calibration curve: application to sulfur mass concentration determination in fuels," 2011.
[12] Geneva International Organization for Standardization,.
[13] A Williams S L R Ellison, Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. CG, EURACHEM / CITAC Guide, 2012.
[14] Md Pauzi Abdullah, Zuriati Zakaria, Seyedeh Belin Tavakoli Sany, Majid Rezayi, Houshang Hassonizadeh Naghmeh Saadati, "Limit of detection and limit of quantification development procedures for organochlorine pesticides analysis in water and sediment matrices," in Chemistry Central Journal., 2013.
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    Njaka Namelantsoa Andriamahenina, Elise Octavie Rasoazanany, Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson, Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy, Manovantsoatsiferana Harinoely, et al. (2018). Dealing with Outlier in Linear Calibration Curves: A Case Study of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3(1), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12

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    Njaka Namelantsoa Andriamahenina; Elise Octavie Rasoazanany; Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson; Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy; Manovantsoatsiferana Harinoely, et al. Dealing with Outlier in Linear Calibration Curves: A Case Study of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. World J. Appl. Chem. 2018, 3(1), 10-16. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12

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    Njaka Namelantsoa Andriamahenina, Elise Octavie Rasoazanany, Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson, Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy, Manovantsoatsiferana Harinoely, et al. Dealing with Outlier in Linear Calibration Curves: A Case Study of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. World J Appl Chem. 2018;3(1):10-16. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12,
      author = {Njaka Namelantsoa Andriamahenina and Elise Octavie Rasoazanany and Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson and Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy and Manovantsoatsiferana Harinoely and Raoelina Andraimbololona and Randrianarivony Edmond},
      title = {Dealing with Outlier in Linear Calibration Curves: A Case Study of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry},
      journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
      volume = {3},
      number = {1},
      pages = {10-16},
      doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20180301.12},
      abstract = {Outlier in the calibration of lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) has been studied with help of the statistical tool F-test and T-test. The process consisted on measuring five standard solutions with three replicate to prepare the calibration curve. Ordinary least squares method (OLSM) was used to get the equation of the linear calibration curve; the correlation coefficient R² and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to validate the linearity of this calibration curve. Proceeding to the graphic representation and the residual plot of the calibration, a suspected outlier was found. The statistical tool F-test and T-test were used to examine the suspected outlier, they yield the same result and confirm the outlier data. The calibration curve with and without the outlier data were taken care to investigate the effect of this outlier in the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), the concentration of lead in the fourteen samples and the uncertainty related to calibration curve. It has been observed that the linearity of the calibration curve is accepted for both cases. For the case of the calibration with the outlier, the estimated LOD and LOQ were 1.76 µg L-1 and 5.18 µg L-1, respectively. The concentrations of lead in the sample are between 2.85 µg L-1 and 22.61µg L-1 and the uncertainty related to calibration curve vary between 1.17µg L-1 and 1.41 µg L-1. On the other hand, for the calibration without the outlier data, the value of LOD and LOQ were improved compared to the previous value, the value of these two parameters were 1.32 µg L-1 and 3.96 µg L-1, respectively. The concentration of lead in the sample vary between 2.75 µg L-1 and 22.52 µg L-1, compared to the previous concentration these value decrease from 0.40% and 3.29%. The uncertainties related to calibration curve vary between 0.90 µg L-1 and 1.09 µg L-1 for the second case, compared to the uncertainty in the first case, the uncertainty decreases from 22.48% to 23.53%. In conclusion, dealing with outlier improves the quality of the measurement and allow producing a reliable analytical data.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Dealing with Outlier in Linear Calibration Curves: A Case Study of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
    AU  - Njaka Namelantsoa Andriamahenina
    AU  - Elise Octavie Rasoazanany
    AU  - Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson
    AU  - Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy
    AU  - Manovantsoatsiferana Harinoely
    AU  - Raoelina Andraimbololona
    AU  - Randrianarivony Edmond
    Y1  - 2018/01/02
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12
    T2  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JF  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JO  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    SP  - 10
    EP  - 16
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2637-5982
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.12
    AB  - Outlier in the calibration of lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) has been studied with help of the statistical tool F-test and T-test. The process consisted on measuring five standard solutions with three replicate to prepare the calibration curve. Ordinary least squares method (OLSM) was used to get the equation of the linear calibration curve; the correlation coefficient R² and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to validate the linearity of this calibration curve. Proceeding to the graphic representation and the residual plot of the calibration, a suspected outlier was found. The statistical tool F-test and T-test were used to examine the suspected outlier, they yield the same result and confirm the outlier data. The calibration curve with and without the outlier data were taken care to investigate the effect of this outlier in the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), the concentration of lead in the fourteen samples and the uncertainty related to calibration curve. It has been observed that the linearity of the calibration curve is accepted for both cases. For the case of the calibration with the outlier, the estimated LOD and LOQ were 1.76 µg L-1 and 5.18 µg L-1, respectively. The concentrations of lead in the sample are between 2.85 µg L-1 and 22.61µg L-1 and the uncertainty related to calibration curve vary between 1.17µg L-1 and 1.41 µg L-1. On the other hand, for the calibration without the outlier data, the value of LOD and LOQ were improved compared to the previous value, the value of these two parameters were 1.32 µg L-1 and 3.96 µg L-1, respectively. The concentration of lead in the sample vary between 2.75 µg L-1 and 22.52 µg L-1, compared to the previous concentration these value decrease from 0.40% and 3.29%. The uncertainties related to calibration curve vary between 0.90 µg L-1 and 1.09 µg L-1 for the second case, compared to the uncertainty in the first case, the uncertainty decreases from 22.48% to 23.53%. In conclusion, dealing with outlier improves the quality of the measurement and allow producing a reliable analytical data.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of X-Ray Fluorescence and Environment, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Department of X-Ray Fluorescence and Environment, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Department of X-Ray Fluorescence and Environment, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Department of X-Ray Fluorescence and Environment, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Department of X-Ray Fluorescence and Environment, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Department of Theoretical Physics, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

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