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A Measurement of Micro-Porosity Formations in Titanium Alloy Fabricated Through Powder Metallurgy

Received: 17 July 2021     Accepted: 29 July 2021     Published: 18 August 2021
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Abstract

Fractals in nature are so complicated and irregular that it is hopeless to model them by simply using classical geometry object. These fractal-like properties are found in many natural and artificial objects and processes. A new approach to describe them appropriately is the uses of fractal geometry. This geometry is successfully used in science and engineering to provide insight regarding an underlying characteristic of nature that contributes to human functioning. In this study, fractal analysis of micro-porosity distribution in titanium alloy compacted at 50, 100 and 200 MPa, sintered at 1273, 1373 and 1473 K respectively were investigated. The micro-porosities resulting from each micrograph was analyzed using weighted average and a measure of dispersion (Variance), which is done by measuring the dispersion of the shapes of the pores from that of a perfect sphere (β=1). Large-shaped macro-pores with varying degree of irregularities were observed in as-cast samples. Increased compaction pressure with sintering temperature leads to more reduction in pores. Hypothetically, the best pore shapes were found in sample compacted at 50 MPa and sintered at 1473 K. A weighted average sphericity and fractal dimension 0.7740 and 1.1889 were obtained showing that the pores are more regular in nature.

Published in Science Frontiers (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12
Page(s) 28-32
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Micro-porosity, Sphericity, Fractal Dimension, Compaction Pressure, Sintering Temperature

References
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[2] Elias, C. N., Lima, J. H. C., Valiev, R. and Meyers, M. A. (2008). Biomedical applications of titanium and its alloys. Journal of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, JOM, 60 (4): 6–49.
[3] Guo, S., Qu, X., He, X., Zhou, T. and Duan, B. (2006). Powder injection molding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Journal of Material Processing Technology, 173, 310–314.
[4] Hangai, Y. and Kitahara, S. (2008). Quantitative Evaluation of Porosity in Al Die Castings by Fractal Analysis of Perimeter. Materials Transactions, 49 (4): 782–786.
[5] Huang, Y. J. and Lu, S. Z. (2002). A Measurement of The Porosity in Aluminum cast Alloys Using Fractal Analysis. Proceeding of 2nd International Aluminum Casting Technology Symposium, ASME, Houston U.S.A.
[6] Kong, J., Xu, C., Li, J., Chen, W. and Hou, H. (2011). Evolution of fractal features of pores in compacting and sintering process. Advanced Powder Technology, 22, 439–442.
[7] Lee, J., Lee, J., Kim, M. and Hyun. (2013). Fabrication of Porous Titanium with Directional Pores for Biomedical Applications. Materials Transactions, 54 (2): 137–142.
[8] Lu, S. and Hellawell, A. (1995). Fractal Analysis of Complex Microstructures in Materials.
[9] Mandelbrot, B. B. (1982). The fractal geometry of nature. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co.
[10] Sidambe, A. T., Figueroa, I. A., Hamilton, H. G. C. and Todd, I. (2012). Metal injection moulding of CP-Ti components for biomedical applications. Journal of Material Processing Technology, 212, 1591–1597.
[11] Montasser, D., Adamek, G., Jakubowicz, J. and Khalil, K. A. (2014). Fabrication, Microstructure and Properties of Mechanically Alloyed and Electrochemically Etched Porous Ti-Y2O3 International Journal Electrochemical Science, 9, 7773–7783.
[12] Ryan, G., Pandit, A. and Apatsidis, D. P. (2006). Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications. Biomaterials, 27 (13): 2651–2670.
[13] Tamiye, S. G., Kalan, B. V., José, C. B. and Ana, H. A. B. (2013). Mimicking Bone Architecture in a Metallic Structure. Advances in Science and Technology, 84: 7–12.
[14] X. Wang, Li. Yuncang, D. H. Peter and C. Wen, “Biomimetic Modification of Porous TiNbZr Alloy Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering, in: Materials Transactions, 16 (1): 25-44, 2010.
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  • APA Style

    Adetola Sunday Olufemi, Mudashiru Lateef Owowlabi, Babatunde Issa Akinola, Kolapo Olawale Ibrahim. (2021). A Measurement of Micro-Porosity Formations in Titanium Alloy Fabricated Through Powder Metallurgy. Science Frontiers, 2(2), 28-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12

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    ACS Style

    Adetola Sunday Olufemi; Mudashiru Lateef Owowlabi; Babatunde Issa Akinola; Kolapo Olawale Ibrahim. A Measurement of Micro-Porosity Formations in Titanium Alloy Fabricated Through Powder Metallurgy. Sci. Front. 2021, 2(2), 28-32. doi: 10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12

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    AMA Style

    Adetola Sunday Olufemi, Mudashiru Lateef Owowlabi, Babatunde Issa Akinola, Kolapo Olawale Ibrahim. A Measurement of Micro-Porosity Formations in Titanium Alloy Fabricated Through Powder Metallurgy. Sci Front. 2021;2(2):28-32. doi: 10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12,
      author = {Adetola Sunday Olufemi and Mudashiru Lateef Owowlabi and Babatunde Issa Akinola and Kolapo Olawale Ibrahim},
      title = {A Measurement of Micro-Porosity Formations in Titanium Alloy Fabricated Through Powder Metallurgy},
      journal = {Science Frontiers},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2},
      pages = {28-32},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sf.20210202.12},
      abstract = {Fractals in nature are so complicated and irregular that it is hopeless to model them by simply using classical geometry object. These fractal-like properties are found in many natural and artificial objects and processes. A new approach to describe them appropriately is the uses of fractal geometry. This geometry is successfully used in science and engineering to provide insight regarding an underlying characteristic of nature that contributes to human functioning. In this study, fractal analysis of micro-porosity distribution in titanium alloy compacted at 50, 100 and 200 MPa, sintered at 1273, 1373 and 1473 K respectively were investigated. The micro-porosities resulting from each micrograph was analyzed using weighted average and a measure of dispersion (Variance), which is done by measuring the dispersion of the shapes of the pores from that of a perfect sphere (β=1). Large-shaped macro-pores with varying degree of irregularities were observed in as-cast samples. Increased compaction pressure with sintering temperature leads to more reduction in pores. Hypothetically, the best pore shapes were found in sample compacted at 50 MPa and sintered at 1473 K. A weighted average sphericity and fractal dimension 0.7740 and 1.1889 were obtained showing that the pores are more regular in nature.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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    AU  - Adetola Sunday Olufemi
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sf.20210202.12
    AB  - Fractals in nature are so complicated and irregular that it is hopeless to model them by simply using classical geometry object. These fractal-like properties are found in many natural and artificial objects and processes. A new approach to describe them appropriately is the uses of fractal geometry. This geometry is successfully used in science and engineering to provide insight regarding an underlying characteristic of nature that contributes to human functioning. In this study, fractal analysis of micro-porosity distribution in titanium alloy compacted at 50, 100 and 200 MPa, sintered at 1273, 1373 and 1473 K respectively were investigated. The micro-porosities resulting from each micrograph was analyzed using weighted average and a measure of dispersion (Variance), which is done by measuring the dispersion of the shapes of the pores from that of a perfect sphere (β=1). Large-shaped macro-pores with varying degree of irregularities were observed in as-cast samples. Increased compaction pressure with sintering temperature leads to more reduction in pores. Hypothetically, the best pore shapes were found in sample compacted at 50 MPa and sintered at 1473 K. A weighted average sphericity and fractal dimension 0.7740 and 1.1889 were obtained showing that the pores are more regular in nature.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 2
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Author Information
  • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria

  • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria

  • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria

  • Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

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