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Baseline Evaluation of Background Ionising Radiation in Cocoa Plantation in Uyo, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria

Received: 5 January 2017     Accepted: 19 January 2017     Published: 26 April 2017
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Abstract

Radionuclides are found in different media including, soils, air, water, plants, vegetables, and in fruits etc. These radionuclides and their isotopes contaminate the environmentand could cause deleterious effect on human beings when ingested or inhaled. The cocoa plantation is a new plantation developed two years ago in the State for resource management and enhanced cocoa production. In situ measurement of the background ionising radiation was conducted with Radex (1212) radiation survey meterwhich measured background ionising radiation level in micro Seviert per hour. The measured values were converted to annual equivalent dose rate and annual effective dose. The mean background ionizing radiation (BIR) measured was obtained as 0.083µSv/hr and a mean annual BIR of 0.727mSv/yr. The obtained mean annual BIR obtained is lower than the worldwide BIRof 2.4 mSv/yr. The annual equivalent dose rate of radiation obtained in the plantation was ranged between 0.1261 to 0.2067mSv/yr with a mean value of 0.1454 mSv/yr. The mean annual effective dose was 0.1015 mSv/yr and lower than the recommended 1 mSv/yr as a safety limit for the public. Therefore regulatory controls are not necessary for now as this is a new plantation.

Published in Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13
Page(s) 13-17
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Background Ionising Radiation, Annual Equivalent Dose Rate, Annual Effective Dose Cocoa, NORM, Radionuclides

References
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[2] Essien, I. E, Inyang S. O and Egbe, N. O (2016). Entrance Surface Air Kerma during Skull, Abdomen and Pelvis X-ray Examinations in Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in AkwaIbom State. Radiation Science and Technology, 2(1): 6-12.
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[4] Alharbi, W. R., Alzahrani, J. H., and Abbady, A. G. (2011): Assessment of radiation hazards indices from granite rocks of Southern Arabian shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(6): 672-682.
[5] Akhtar, N., Tufail, M and Ashraf, M (2005): Natural environmental radioactivity and estimation of radiation exposure for saline soils. International journal of environmental Sciences and technology, 1(4), 279-285.
[6] Ramasamy, V., Suresh, G., Meenakshisundaram, V. and Gajendran V (2009): Evaluation of Natural Radionuclide Content in River Sediments and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to Gamma Radioactivity. Research journal of environmental and earth sciences 1(1): 6-10.
[7] Akinloye,M..K., Olomo J. B. (2005): The Radioactivity in some Grasses in Environment of Nuclear Research Facilities located within the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Physics. 17: 219-225.
[8] Inyang, S. O., Inyang, I. S and Egbe, N. O. (2009): Radiation Exposure Levels within Timber Industries in Calabar, Nigeria. Journal of medical Physics. 34(2): 97-100.
[9] Chibowski, S (2000). Studies of Radioactive Contaminations and Heavy Metal Contents in Vegetables and Fruit from Lublin, Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 9(4) 249-253.
[10] Poursharifl Zahra, Ali Ebrahiminia, Mohsen Asadinezhad, Abolfazl Nickfarjam, Abolghasem Haeri and Karim Khoshgard (2015). Determination of Radionuclide Concentration in Tea Samples Cultivated in Guilan Province, Iran. Iran Journal of medical Physics, 12(4); 271.
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[14] Inyang, S. O., Essien, I. E and Egbe, N. O. (2016):Exposure levels within building materials shops in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Physical Sciences International. 7(1): 12-17.
[15] Etuk, S. E., George, N. J, Essien, I. E. and Nwokolo, S. C (2015). Assessment of radiation exposure levels within Ikot Akpaden Campus of AkwaIbom State University, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics 7(3): 86-91.
[16] Diab, H. M., Nouh, S. A, Hamdy, A., EL-Fiki, S. A.(2008). Evaluation of Natural Radioactivity in a Cultivated Area around a Fertilizer Factory. Journal of Nuclear and Radiation Physics, 3(1): 53-62.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Essien I. E., Nyong A. B., Akankpo A. O., Ekott E. E., Umoh U. A., et al. (2017). Baseline Evaluation of Background Ionising Radiation in Cocoa Plantation in Uyo, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. Radiation Science and Technology, 3(2), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13

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    ACS Style

    Essien I. E.; Nyong A. B.; Akankpo A. O.; Ekott E. E.; Umoh U. A., et al. Baseline Evaluation of Background Ionising Radiation in Cocoa Plantation in Uyo, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2017, 3(2), 13-17. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13

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    AMA Style

    Essien I. E., Nyong A. B., Akankpo A. O., Ekott E. E., Umoh U. A., et al. Baseline Evaluation of Background Ionising Radiation in Cocoa Plantation in Uyo, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. Radiat Sci Technol. 2017;3(2):13-17. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13,
      author = {Essien I. E. and Nyong A. B. and Akankpo A. O. and Ekott E. E. and Umoh U. A. and Inyang A. J.},
      title = {Baseline Evaluation of Background Ionising Radiation in Cocoa Plantation in Uyo, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {13-17},
      doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20170302.13},
      abstract = {Radionuclides are found in different media including, soils, air, water, plants, vegetables, and in fruits etc. These radionuclides and their isotopes contaminate the environmentand could cause deleterious effect on human beings when ingested or inhaled. The cocoa plantation is a new plantation developed two years ago in the State for resource management and enhanced cocoa production. In situ measurement of the background ionising radiation was conducted with Radex (1212) radiation survey meterwhich measured background ionising radiation level in micro Seviert per hour. The measured values were converted to annual equivalent dose rate and annual effective dose. The mean background ionizing radiation (BIR) measured was obtained as 0.083µSv/hr and a mean annual BIR of 0.727mSv/yr. The obtained mean annual BIR obtained is lower than the worldwide BIRof 2.4 mSv/yr. The annual equivalent dose rate of radiation obtained in the plantation was ranged between 0.1261 to 0.2067mSv/yr with a mean value of 0.1454 mSv/yr. The mean annual effective dose was 0.1015 mSv/yr and lower than the recommended 1 mSv/yr as a safety limit for the public. Therefore regulatory controls are not necessary for now as this is a new plantation.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Baseline Evaluation of Background Ionising Radiation in Cocoa Plantation in Uyo, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria
    AU  - Essien I. E.
    AU  - Nyong A. B.
    AU  - Akankpo A. O.
    AU  - Ekott E. E.
    AU  - Umoh U. A.
    AU  - Inyang A. J.
    Y1  - 2017/04/26
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13
    T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
    JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
    JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
    SP  - 13
    EP  - 17
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5943
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20170302.13
    AB  - Radionuclides are found in different media including, soils, air, water, plants, vegetables, and in fruits etc. These radionuclides and their isotopes contaminate the environmentand could cause deleterious effect on human beings when ingested or inhaled. The cocoa plantation is a new plantation developed two years ago in the State for resource management and enhanced cocoa production. In situ measurement of the background ionising radiation was conducted with Radex (1212) radiation survey meterwhich measured background ionising radiation level in micro Seviert per hour. The measured values were converted to annual equivalent dose rate and annual effective dose. The mean background ionizing radiation (BIR) measured was obtained as 0.083µSv/hr and a mean annual BIR of 0.727mSv/yr. The obtained mean annual BIR obtained is lower than the worldwide BIRof 2.4 mSv/yr. The annual equivalent dose rate of radiation obtained in the plantation was ranged between 0.1261 to 0.2067mSv/yr with a mean value of 0.1454 mSv/yr. The mean annual effective dose was 0.1015 mSv/yr and lower than the recommended 1 mSv/yr as a safety limit for the public. Therefore regulatory controls are not necessary for now as this is a new plantation.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

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