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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Influence of Physico-Chemical Parameters on the Seasonal Dynamic of Salmonella spp Isolated from Urban Streams in Yaounde (Cameroon)

Henriette Ateba Bessa*,  Mireille Ebiane Nougang,  Ghislaine Madjiki Adjia,  Gloria Eneke Takem,  Bernadette Nka Nnomo,  Blandine Pulchérie Tamatcho Kweyang,  Chrétien Lontsi Djimeli,  Olive Noah Ewoti,  Jean Samuel Eheth,  Moïse Nola,  Thomas Njine
Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 10, Issue 4)
Received: 26 August 2024     Accepted: 21 September 2024     Published: 26 November 2024
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Abstract

As water resources in urban areas are becoming increasingly degraded, due in large part to poor sanitation, a study has been was conducted to examine the influence of physicochemical parameters and seasonal variation on the distribution of the enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp that have been isolated from the urban streams in the city of Yaounde. Bi-monthly water samples were collected from nine rivers during 12 months (April 2010 to March 2011). The isolation of bacterial germs was done according to the classical method. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed according to Standard methods. Salmonella spp was detected all over the studied year with a high prevalence of 49.4%. This prevalence varies from one season to another. Escherichia coli ranged between 2.5 x 103 to 67.1 x 103UFC/100ml with highest prevalence observed during the long dry season. Physicochemical parameters revealed neutral to slightly alkaline waters (pH6.7 – 8.8), with low mineralization (EC= 126 – 743 µS/cm). Dissolved oxygen was generally less than 4 mg/l. Physicochemical parameters also showed temporal homogeneity in most of the variables (pH, EC, TDS, total hardness, alkalinity, Na, K, Mg, Ca). None of the physicochemical environmental variables analyzed had any specific influence on the presence of Escherichia coli or Salmonella. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp, as the sources of Salmonella spp contamination are probably different from those of E. coli. The observed pollution of rivers is related to the large anthropogenic activities in particular, the multiplicity of small farming closed to markets and houses, and husbandry activities along the streams which are important sources of organic matter. These rivers constitute a pool of Salmonella that can be easily disseminated in to different ecological systems and therefore represent a serious health risk for people who may come into direct or indirect contact with this pathogen.

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12
Page(s) 85-101
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Keywords

Urban Streams, Salmonella spp, E. coli, Rivers Pollution, Yaounde

References
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    Bessa, H. A., Nougang, M. E., Adjia, G. M., Takem, G. E., Nnomo, B. N., et al. (2024). Influence of Physico-Chemical Parameters on the Seasonal Dynamic of Salmonella spp Isolated from Urban Streams in Yaounde (Cameroon). Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 10(4), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12

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    Bessa, H. A.; Nougang, M. E.; Adjia, G. M.; Takem, G. E.; Nnomo, B. N., et al. Influence of Physico-Chemical Parameters on the Seasonal Dynamic of Salmonella spp Isolated from Urban Streams in Yaounde (Cameroon). J. Health Environ. Res. 2024, 10(4), 85-101. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12

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    AMA Style

    Bessa HA, Nougang ME, Adjia GM, Takem GE, Nnomo BN, et al. Influence of Physico-Chemical Parameters on the Seasonal Dynamic of Salmonella spp Isolated from Urban Streams in Yaounde (Cameroon). J Health Environ Res. 2024;10(4):85-101. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12,
  author = {Henriette Ateba Bessa and Mireille Ebiane Nougang and Ghislaine Madjiki Adjia and Gloria Eneke Takem and Bernadette Nka Nnomo and Blandine Pulchérie Tamatcho Kweyang and Chrétien Lontsi Djimeli and Olive Noah Ewoti and Jean Samuel Eheth and Moïse Nola and Thomas Njine},
  title = {Influence of Physico-Chemical Parameters on the Seasonal Dynamic of Salmonella spp Isolated from Urban Streams in Yaounde (Cameroon)
},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {85-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20241004.12},
  abstract = {As water resources in urban areas are becoming increasingly degraded, due in large part to poor sanitation, a study has been was conducted to examine the influence of physicochemical parameters and seasonal variation on the distribution of the enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp that have been isolated from the urban streams in the city of Yaounde. Bi-monthly water samples were collected from nine rivers during 12 months (April 2010 to March 2011). The isolation of bacterial germs was done according to the classical method. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed according to Standard methods. Salmonella spp was detected all over the studied year with a high prevalence of 49.4%. This prevalence varies from one season to another. Escherichia coli ranged between 2.5 x 103 to 67.1 x 103UFC/100ml with highest prevalence observed during the long dry season. Physicochemical parameters revealed neutral to slightly alkaline waters (pH6.7 – 8.8), with low mineralization (EC= 126 – 743 µS/cm). Dissolved oxygen was generally less than 4 mg/l. Physicochemical parameters also showed temporal homogeneity in most of the variables (pH, EC, TDS, total hardness, alkalinity, Na, K, Mg, Ca). None of the physicochemical environmental variables analyzed had any specific influence on the presence of Escherichia coli or Salmonella. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp, as the sources of Salmonella spp contamination are probably different from those of E. coli. The observed pollution of rivers is related to the large anthropogenic activities in particular, the multiplicity of small farming closed to markets and houses, and husbandry activities along the streams which are important sources of organic matter. These rivers constitute a pool of Salmonella that can be easily disseminated in to different ecological systems and therefore represent a serious health risk for people who may come into direct or indirect contact with this pathogen.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Influence of Physico-Chemical Parameters on the Seasonal Dynamic of Salmonella spp Isolated from Urban Streams in Yaounde (Cameroon)

AU  - Henriette Ateba Bessa
AU  - Mireille Ebiane Nougang
AU  - Ghislaine Madjiki Adjia
AU  - Gloria Eneke Takem
AU  - Bernadette Nka Nnomo
AU  - Blandine Pulchérie Tamatcho Kweyang
AU  - Chrétien Lontsi Djimeli
AU  - Olive Noah Ewoti
AU  - Jean Samuel Eheth
AU  - Moïse Nola
AU  - Thomas Njine
Y1  - 2024/11/26
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 85
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.12
AB  - As water resources in urban areas are becoming increasingly degraded, due in large part to poor sanitation, a study has been was conducted to examine the influence of physicochemical parameters and seasonal variation on the distribution of the enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp that have been isolated from the urban streams in the city of Yaounde. Bi-monthly water samples were collected from nine rivers during 12 months (April 2010 to March 2011). The isolation of bacterial germs was done according to the classical method. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed according to Standard methods. Salmonella spp was detected all over the studied year with a high prevalence of 49.4%. This prevalence varies from one season to another. Escherichia coli ranged between 2.5 x 103 to 67.1 x 103UFC/100ml with highest prevalence observed during the long dry season. Physicochemical parameters revealed neutral to slightly alkaline waters (pH6.7 – 8.8), with low mineralization (EC= 126 – 743 µS/cm). Dissolved oxygen was generally less than 4 mg/l. Physicochemical parameters also showed temporal homogeneity in most of the variables (pH, EC, TDS, total hardness, alkalinity, Na, K, Mg, Ca). None of the physicochemical environmental variables analyzed had any specific influence on the presence of Escherichia coli or Salmonella. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp, as the sources of Salmonella spp contamination are probably different from those of E. coli. The observed pollution of rivers is related to the large anthropogenic activities in particular, the multiplicity of small farming closed to markets and houses, and husbandry activities along the streams which are important sources of organic matter. These rivers constitute a pool of Salmonella that can be easily disseminated in to different ecological systems and therefore represent a serious health risk for people who may come into direct or indirect contact with this pathogen.

VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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