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Macro-economics Policies and Deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire

Received: 17 November 2016     Accepted: 1 December 2016     Published: 6 January 2017
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Abstract

The development of Côte d’Ivoire is due to the agricultural sector at the expense of forest land. The objective of this study was, first, to describe the characteristics of agriculture and agricultural practices as well as their consequences on deforestation; secondly, to deal with macroeconomic policies, their impact on deforestation and on the environment, and their impacts assessment methodologies; but also to illustrate the opportunities available to the Ivorian agriculture. The results of our study indicated that the country had abundant natural resources (forest land) which have not been rationally managed. The majority of the population was rural, possessing many small farms. The agriculture sector was diverse regarding crops and production systems of which the most dominant was the traditional or extensive system. This sector is very important for the economy of the country, from the standpoint of revenue provided to the State and the significant number of jobs created. Agricultural practices have not been able to ensure a sustainable management of natural resources of the country, including the conservation of primary forests now fast disappearing. For the development of the agricultural sector induced by macroeconomic policies was made at the expense of forest land. Population growth impacts negatively also on the deforestation. This enables us to advance that introduced policies to revive the economy have only increased the extensive production system, which leads to deforestation and ecological imbalance. Despite all the investment in the agricultural sector, crops were only 38% of their potential. The environmental annual costs were estimated at 2.72% of 2015 GDP, or 545 billion CFA francs. This is a significant financial loss for an economy of an undeveloped country. However there is hope due to the opportunities offered by the intensification of the agriculture sector. Identifying determinants or causes of deforestation and presentation of opportunities would help the government adjust its resources for future forest recovery projects in order to significantly revitalize the agriculture and forest sector which is the main pillar of the country’s economy and the principal provider of employment. One advantage of this strategy will be to considerably decrease the rural exodus, and improve the government incomes.

Published in Journal of Energy and Natural Resources (Volume 5, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.jenr.20160506.12
Page(s) 78-91
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Forest, Deforestation, Production System, Macroeconomic Policies, Environment, Environmental Costs

References
[1] J. P. Tonneau, D. Louppe, F. Lançon, E. Vall, O. Mikolasek, F. Ruf, «Etude prospective sur le développement de l’agriculture en Côte d’Ivoire», CIRA- France, 117p, mars 2015.
[2] Ministère de l'Agriculture. "Annuaire des Statistiques Agricoles et Forestières", 1900-1989, 1992, 1994," Plan Directeur du développement agricole 1992-2015" Février 1997, 165 p. «Rapport d'activité" et statistique agricole 1980-2016.
[3] G. Pallix et A Comolet,"L’impact environnemental des politiques macro-économiques d'ajustement structurel en Côte d'Ivoire" Planistat Europe, BDPA-SCETAGRI, 145, 1996.
[4] Affou Yapi, " Agriculture et ressources naturelles", rapport de synthèse, avril 1994. - Afrique agriculture “journal numéro 207”, sept. 1993.
[5] M. Maldague,“Rôle des animaux édaphiques dans la fertilité des sols forestiers”. République Démocratique du Congo, publication de l’INEAC, série scientifique numéro 112, 248p, 1970.
[6] FAO, 2012. «Le secteurforestieren 2020» Forest Outlook Study for Africa (FOSA), 20P. www.FAOstat.org.
[7] J. TOBIN “Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1958-JSTOR.
[8] Koné Aïcha,”Analyse de la Pauvreté et de l’Efficacité Technique des Producteurs de Cacao de la Société Coopérative Agricole de la Mene (CAMENE. COOP-CA) Tiassalé, Côte d’Ivoire». Mémoire de fin d’études en vue de l’obtention du diplôme d’Agronomie Approfondie, Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA) INPHB, Yamoussoukro-Côte d’Ivoire, pp 25-47, 2015.
[9] Ricco Rakotomalala,”Pratique de la régression linéaire multiple”, 18P, 2015.
[10] Dominique Laffly, «Régression multiple: Principes et exemples d’application”, Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, France, 33p, 2006.
[11] Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, “Politique Nationale de l’Environnement”, 2011, 81P. Rapport d’activité 2011 à 2016.
[12] Ministère des Eaux et Forêts. "Le Ministère des Eaux et Forêts Genèse, Activités et Perspectives", Rapport Direction du Domaine Forestier et du Reboisement, Décembre 1986, 121 p. " Plan Directeur forestier 1988- 2015" Décembre 1988, 87 p. et rapports d’activité 1982-2014; Rapports d’activité SODEFOR 1990-2015.
[13] Ministère du Plan. “Stratégie de relance du développement et de la réduction de la pauvreté”, 2009, Institut National des Statistiques, “La Côte d’Ivoire en Chiffre” 1980-1990, Compte des Nations -1960-89 et Tableau Ressources Emploi (TRE) 1990-2013, Statistiques économique 2015.
[14] Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances "Banque des données financière” 1996-2000.
[15] BNETD, Département agriculture “Statistiques agricoles, forestières et d’élevage”, 1990-2014
[16] Banque Mondiale, "Revue du secteur agricole, Côte d'Ivoire" Document de travail, Oct. 1994, 107 p." Vers un développement durable sur le plan environnemental en Afrique de l'ouest", Document de travail, janvier 1996, 44 p. 2012. “Proposition de mesures pour l’Etat de préparation (R-PP), République de Côte d’Ivoire” Fonds de Partenariat pour le Carbone Forestier (FPCF), ONU-REDD, 2013 47P.
[17] FMI “Plan National de Développement de Côte d’Ivoire” 2013.
[18] Dominique Louppe, “Le secteur forestier en Côte d’Ivoire: Situation actuelle et perspective d’avenir”, CIRAD-France, 2013, 15P.
[19] Koné Tiékoura “Ajustement et politique agricole en Côte d’Ivoire: Impact environnemental”, Travail, capital et société, avril 1993.
[20] Yaya Keho (2009), «Analyse Rétrospective de l’Equité Sociale et Esquisse d’Images à long terme de la Société Ivoirienne», Cellule d’Analyse de Politiques Economiques du CIRES (CAPEC), 30p, 2009.
[21] Noufou. Coulibaly. (1998). «Déforestation et Activités Agricoles en Côte d’Ivoire: Recherche d’un nouvel équilibre», Ph. D thesis, Laval University, Québec, Canada, p. 144.
[22] I. Cleroux and J-M. Salles, “Modélisation économique de la dynamique des forêts: Une revue de littérature”, Cahiers d’économie et sociologie rurales, 41, pp. 92-147, 1996.
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  • APA Style

    Noufou Coulibaly. (2017). Macro-economics Policies and Deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Energy and Natural Resources, 5(6), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20160506.12

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    ACS Style

    Noufou Coulibaly. Macro-economics Policies and Deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire. J. Energy Nat. Resour. 2017, 5(6), 78-91. doi: 10.11648/j.jenr.20160506.12

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    AMA Style

    Noufou Coulibaly. Macro-economics Policies and Deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire. J Energy Nat Resour. 2017;5(6):78-91. doi: 10.11648/j.jenr.20160506.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jenr.20160506.12,
      author = {Noufou Coulibaly},
      title = {Macro-economics Policies and Deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire},
      journal = {Journal of Energy and Natural Resources},
      volume = {5},
      number = {6},
      pages = {78-91},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jenr.20160506.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20160506.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jenr.20160506.12},
      abstract = {The development of Côte d’Ivoire is due to the agricultural sector at the expense of forest land. The objective of this study was, first, to describe the characteristics of agriculture and agricultural practices as well as their consequences on deforestation; secondly, to deal with macroeconomic policies, their impact on deforestation and on the environment, and their impacts assessment methodologies; but also to illustrate the opportunities available to the Ivorian agriculture. The results of our study indicated that the country had abundant natural resources (forest land) which have not been rationally managed. The majority of the population was rural, possessing many small farms. The agriculture sector was diverse regarding crops and production systems of which the most dominant was the traditional or extensive system. This sector is very important for the economy of the country, from the standpoint of revenue provided to the State and the significant number of jobs created. Agricultural practices have not been able to ensure a sustainable management of natural resources of the country, including the conservation of primary forests now fast disappearing. For the development of the agricultural sector induced by macroeconomic policies was made at the expense of forest land. Population growth impacts negatively also on the deforestation. This enables us to advance that introduced policies to revive the economy have only increased the extensive production system, which leads to deforestation and ecological imbalance. Despite all the investment in the agricultural sector, crops were only 38% of their potential. The environmental annual costs were estimated at 2.72% of 2015 GDP, or 545 billion CFA francs. This is a significant financial loss for an economy of an undeveloped country. However there is hope due to the opportunities offered by the intensification of the agriculture sector. Identifying determinants or causes of deforestation and presentation of opportunities would help the government adjust its resources for future forest recovery projects in order to significantly revitalize the agriculture and forest sector which is the main pillar of the country’s economy and the principal provider of employment. One advantage of this strategy will be to considerably decrease the rural exodus, and improve the government incomes.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Macro-economics Policies and Deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire
    AU  - Noufou Coulibaly
    Y1  - 2017/01/06
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    T2  - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
    JF  - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
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Author Information
  • Department of Management and Applied Economics, National Polytechnic Institut Houphou?t Boigny, Yamoussoukro, C?te d’Ivoire

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