| Peer-Reviewed

Fiber Fuse Simulation in Multi-Core Fibers for Space Division Multiplexed Transmission

Received: 7 August 2022     Accepted: 23 August 2022     Published: 31 August 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Owing to the progress of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology using an optical-fiber amplifier, we can exchange large amounts of data at a rate of 100 Tbit/s class over several hundred kilometers. However, it is widely recognized that the maximum transmission capacity of a single strand of fiber is rapidly approaching its limit of ~100 Tbit/s owing to the optical power limitations imposed by the fiber fuse phenomenon and the finite transmission bandwidth determined by optical-fiber amplifiers. To overcome these limitations, space-division multiplexing (SDM) technologies using a multi-core fiber (MCF) were proposed. The fiber fuse experiments of MCFs at 1.55 μm were conducted using two types of MCFs: homogeneous 7-core MCF and heterogeneous 6-core MCF. The fiber fuse effect in these MCFs was studied theoretically by the explicit finite-difference method using the thermochemical SiOx production model. In the calculation, we assumed that two types of MCFs have a simple refractive-index profile, which is similar to that of doubly clad single-mode fibers. The calculated threshold power Pth of the homogeneous MCF was 1.19-1.25 W, which was close to the experimental Pth value of SMF. On the other hand, the Pth of small core fiber in heterogeneous MCF was 0.89 W. It was found that the Pth values of two types of MCFs were proportional to their cross sectional area Aeff values. Next, the cross sectional area A of the vaporized core was estimated using the proportionality constant Vf / P0 of MCFs and SMF at P0 ³ 5 W. The A values of homogeneous MCF and SMF were close to their Aeff values. On the other hand, the A value of small core fiber in heterogeneous MCF was larger than its Aeff value. From these results, it was concluded that the plasma, which occurred in the vaporized core, tends to expand in the small-Aeff fiber. Furthermore, it was found that in the neighboring core layers the generation and propagation of fiber fuse was hindered during fiber fuse propagation in the heated core of homogeneous and/or heterogeneous MCF.

Published in Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15
Page(s) 162-169
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fiber Fuse Phenomenon, Multi-Core Fibers, Finite-Difference Technique

References
[1] Sano A., Kobayashi T., Yoshida E., and Miyamoto Y. (2011). Ultra-high capacity optical transmission technologies for 100 Tbit/s optical transport networks. IEICE Trans. Commun., E94-B (2), 400-408.
[2] Morioka T. (2009). New generation optical infrastructure technologies: ``EXAT initiative" toward 2020 and beyond. OptoElectron. Commun. Conf. (OECC 2009), FT4.
[3] Nakazawa M. (2014). Evolution of EDFA from single-core to multi-core and related recent progress in optical communication. Opt. Rev., 21 (6), 862-874.
[4] Morioka T., Awaji Y., Matsushima Y., and Kamiya T. (2017). R&D of 3M technologies toward the realization of Exabit/s optical communications. IEICE Trans. Commun., E100-B (9), 1707-1715.
[5] Richardson D. J., Fini J. M., and Nelson L. E. (2013). Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres. Nature Photon., 7, 354-362.
[6] Matsuo S., Takenaga K., Sasaki Y., Amma Y., Saitoh S., Matsui T., Nakajima K., Mizuno T., Takara H., Miyamoto Y., and Morioka T. (2016). High-space-multiplicity multicore fibers for future dense space-division multiplexing systems. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 34 (6), 1464-1475.
[7] Mizuno T., Takara H., Sano A., and Miyamoto Y. (2016). Dense space-division multiplexed transmission systems using multi-core and multi-mode fiber. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 34 (2), 582-592.
[8] Mizuno T. and Miyamoto Y. (2017). High-capacity dense space division multiplexing transmission. Opt. Fiber Technol., 35, 108-117.
[9] Puttnam B. J., Rademacher G., and Luis R. S. (2021). Space-division multiplexing for optical fiber communications. Optica, 8 (9), 1186-1203.
[10] Takara H., Asano A., Kobayashi T., Kubota H., Kawakami H., Matsuura A., Miyamoto Y., Abe Y., Ono H., Shikama K., Goto Y., Tsujikawa K., Sasaki Y., Ishida I., Takenaga K., Matsuo S., Saitoh K., Koshiba M., and Morioka T. (2012). 1.01-Pb/s (12 SDM/222 WDM/456 Gb/s) crosstalk-managed transmission with 91.4-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC2012), Th. 3. C. 1.
[11] Igarashi K., Tsuritani T., Morita I., Tsuchida Y., Maeda K., Tadakuma M., Saito T., Watanabe K., Imamura K., Sugizaki R., and Suzuki M. (2013). 1.03-exabit/s·km super-Nyquist-WDM transmission over 7,326-km seven-core fiber. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC2013), PD. 3. E. 3.
[12] Puttnam B. J., Luis R. S., Klaus W., Sakaguchi J., Delgado Mendinueta J. M., Awaji Y., Wada N., Tamura Y., Hayashi T., Hirano M., and Marciante J. (2015). 2.15 Pb/s transmission using a 22 core homogeneous single-mode multi-core fiber and wideband optical comb. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC2015), PDP. 3. 1.
[13] Soma D., Igarashi K., Wakayama Y., Takeshima K., Kawaguchi Y., Yoshikane N., Tsuritani T., Morita I., and Suzuki M. (2015). 2.05 peta-bit/s super-Nyquist-WDM SDM transmission using 9.8-km 6-mode 19-core fibre in full C band. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC2015), PDP. 3. 2.
[14] Kobayashi T., Nakamura M., Hamaoka F., Shibahara K., Mizuno T., Sano A., Kawakami H., Isoda A., Nagatani M., Yamazaki H., Miyamoto Y., Amma Y., Sasaki Y., Takenaga K., Aikawa K., Saitoh K., Jung Y., Richardson D. J., Pulverer K., Bohn M., Nooruzzaman M., and Morioka T. (2017). 1-Pb/s (32 SDM/46 WDM/768 Gb/s) C-band dense SDM transmission over 205.6-km of single-mode heterogeneous multi-core fiber using 96-Gbaud PDM-16QAM channels. Opt. Fiber Commun. (OFC2017), Th5B. 1.
[15] Soma D., Wakayama Y., Beppu S., Sumita S., Tsuritani T., Hayashi T., Nagashima T., Suzuki M., Takahashi H., Igarashi K., Morita I., and Suzuki M. (2017). 10.16 peta-bit/s dense SDM/WDM transmission over low-DMD 6-mode 19-core fibre across C+L band. Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC2017), Th. PDP. A. 1.
[16] Luis R. S., Rademacher G., Puttnam B. J., Furukawa H., Ross-Adams A., Gross S., Withford M., Riesen N., Sasaki Y., Saitoh K., Aikawa K., Awaji Y., and Wada N. (2019). 1.2 Pb/s throughput transmission using a 160 μm cladding, 4-core, 3-mode fiber. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 37 (8), 1798-1804.
[17] Rademacher G., Puttnam B. J., Lu R. S., Klaus W., Eriksson T. A., Awaji Y., Hayashi T., Nagashima T., Nakanishi T., Taru T., Takahata T., Kobayashi T., Furukawa H., and Wada N. (2020). 10.66 peta-bit/s transmission over a 38-core-three-mode fiber. Opt. Fiber Commun. (OFC2020), Th3H. 1.
[18] Puttnam B. J., Luis R. S., Rademacher G., Galdino L., Lavery D., Eriksson T. A., Awaji Y., Furukawa H., Bayvel P., and Wada N. (2021). 0.61 Pb/s S, C, and L-band transmission in a 125 μm diameter 4-core fiber using a single wideband comb source. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 39 (4), 1027-1032.
[19] Rademacher G., Puttnam B. J., Lu R. S., Eriksson T. A., Fontaine N. K., Mazur M., Chen H., Ryf R., Neilson D. T., Sillard P., Achten F., Awaji Y., and Furukawa H. (2021). Peta-bit-per-second optical communications system using a standard cladding diameter 15-mode fiber. Nature Commun., 12, 4238-1-4238-7.
[20] Takenaga K., Arakawa Y., Sasaki Y., Tanigawa S., Matsuo S., Saitoh K., and Koshiba M. (2011). A large effective area multi-core fiber with an optimized cladding thickness. Opt. Express, 19 (26), B543-B550.
[21] Le Noane G., Boscher D., Grosso P., Bizeul J. C., and Botton C. (1994). Ultra high density cables using a new concept of bunched multicore monomode fibers. Proc. Int. Wire & Cable Symp., 203-210.
[22] Okamoto K. (2022). Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides. 3rd Ed. Chap. 4, Academic Press, New York.
[23] Koshiba M., Saitoh K., and Kokubun Y. (2009). Heterogeneous multi-core fibers: proposal and design principle. IEICE Electron. Express, 6 (2), 98-103.
[24] Hayashi T., Taru T., Shimakawa O., Sasaki T., and Sasaoka E. (2011). Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber. Opt. Express, 19 (17), 16576-16592.
[25] Hayashi T., Taru T., Shimakawa O., Sasaki T., and Sasaoka E. (2012). Characterization of crosstalk in ultra-low-crosstalk multi-core fiber. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 30 (4), 583-589.
[26] Sasaki Y., Takenaga K., Guan N., Matsuo S., Saitoh K., and Koshiba M. (2012). Large-effective-area uncoupled few-mode multi-core fiber. Opt. Express, 20 (26), B77-B84.
[27] Saitoh K. and Matsuo S. (2016). Multicore fiber technology. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 34 (1), 55-66.
[28] Sakaguchi J., Klaus W., Delgado Mendinueta J. M., Puttnam B. J., Luis R. S., Awaji Y., Wada N., Hayashi T., Nakanishi T., Watanabe T., Kokubun Y., Takahata T., and Kobayashi T. (2016). Large spatial channel (36-core × 3 mode) heterogeneous few-mode multicore fiber. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 34 (1), 93-103.
[29] Hayashi T., Nagashima T., Yonezawa K., Wakayama Y., Soma D., Igarashi K., Tsuritani T., Taru T., and Sasaki T. (2017). Six-mode 19-core fiber with 114 spatial modes for weakly-coupled mode-division multiplexed transmission. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 35 (4), 748-754.
[30] Sekiya E. H., Saito K., Bing Y., Ogura A., and Ohsono K. (2012). Fiber fuse in multi core fibers. IEICE Technical Rep., 112 (194), 19-22.
[31] Shuto Y. (2014). Heat conduction modeling of fiber fuse in single-mode optical fibers. J. Photonics, 2014, 645207.
[32] Todoroki S. (2016). Quantitative evaluation of fiber fuse initiation with exposure to arc discharge provided by a fusion splicer. Sci. Rep., 6, 25366.
[33] Kubota M., Furuya K., and Suematsu Y. (1980). Random-bend loss-evaluation in single-mode optical fiber with various index profiles. Trans. IECE Japan, E63 (10), 723-730.
[34] Kuwaki N., Ohashi M., Tanaka C., and Uesugi N. (1985). Dispersion-shifted convex-index single-mode fibres. Electron. Lett., 21 (25), 1186-1187.
[35] Kuwaki N., Ohashi M., Tanaka C., Uesugi N., Seikai S., and Negishi Y. (1987). Characteristics of dispersion-shifted dual shape core single-mode fibers. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., LT-5 (6), 792-797.
[36] Kawakami S. and Nishida S. (1974). Anomalous dispersion of new doubly clad optical fibre. Electron. Lett., 10 (4), 38-40.
[37] Kawakami S. and Nishida S. (1974). Characteristics of a doubly clad optical fiber with a low-index inner cladding. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-10 (12), 879-887.
[38] Okamoto K., Edahiro T., Kawana A., and Miya T. (1979). Dispersion minimisation in single-mode fibres over a wide spectral range. Electron. Lett., 15 (22), 729-731.
[39] Miya T., Okamoto K., Ohmori Y., and Sasaki Y. (1981). Fabrication of low dispersion single-mode fibers over a wide spectral range. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-17 (6), 858-861.
[40] Okamoto K. (2022). Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides. 3rd Ed. Chap. 5, Academic Press, New York.
[41] Agrawal G. P. (2001). Nonliear Fiber Optics. 3rd Ed. Chap. 2, Academic Press, New York.
[42] Okamoto K. (2022). Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides. 3rd Ed. Chap. 6, Academic Press, New York.
[43] Abedin K. S. and Nakazawa M. (2010). Real time monitoring of a fiber fuse using an optical time-domain reflectometer. Opt. Express, 18 (20), 21315-21321.
[44] Shuto Y. (2022). Fiber fuse simulation in dispersion-shifted fibers. J. Electrical and Electronic Eng., 10 (4), 142-148.
[45] Todoroki S. (2005). Origin of periodic void formation during fiber fuse. Opt. Express, 13 (17), 6381-6389.
[46] Kashyap R. and Blow K. J. (1988). Observation of catastrophic self-propelled self-focusing in optical fibres. Electron. Lett., 24 (1), 47-49.
[47] Atkins R. M., Simpkins P. G., and Yablon A. D. (2003). Track of a fiber fuse: a Rayleigh instability in optical waveguides. Opt. Lett., 28 (12), 974-976.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Yoshito Shuto. (2022). Fiber Fuse Simulation in Multi-Core Fibers for Space Division Multiplexed Transmission. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 10(4), 162-169. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Yoshito Shuto. Fiber Fuse Simulation in Multi-Core Fibers for Space Division Multiplexed Transmission. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 162-169. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Yoshito Shuto. Fiber Fuse Simulation in Multi-Core Fibers for Space Division Multiplexed Transmission. J Electr Electron Eng. 2022;10(4):162-169. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15,
      author = {Yoshito Shuto},
      title = {Fiber Fuse Simulation in Multi-Core Fibers for Space Division Multiplexed Transmission},
      journal = {Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},
      volume = {10},
      number = {4},
      pages = {162-169},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeee.20221004.15},
      abstract = {Owing to the progress of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology using an optical-fiber amplifier, we can exchange large amounts of data at a rate of 100 Tbit/s class over several hundred kilometers. However, it is widely recognized that the maximum transmission capacity of a single strand of fiber is rapidly approaching its limit of ~100 Tbit/s owing to the optical power limitations imposed by the fiber fuse phenomenon and the finite transmission bandwidth determined by optical-fiber amplifiers. To overcome these limitations, space-division multiplexing (SDM) technologies using a multi-core fiber (MCF) were proposed. The fiber fuse experiments of MCFs at 1.55 μm were conducted using two types of MCFs: homogeneous 7-core MCF and heterogeneous 6-core MCF. The fiber fuse effect in these MCFs was studied theoretically by the explicit finite-difference method using the thermochemical SiOx production model. In the calculation, we assumed that two types of MCFs have a simple refractive-index profile, which is similar to that of doubly clad single-mode fibers. The calculated threshold power Pth of the homogeneous MCF was 1.19-1.25 W, which was close to the experimental Pth value of SMF. On the other hand, the Pth of small core fiber in heterogeneous MCF was 0.89 W. It was found that the Pth values of two types of MCFs were proportional to their cross sectional area Aeff values. Next, the cross sectional area A of the vaporized core was estimated using the proportionality constant Vf / P0 of MCFs and SMF at P0 ³ 5 W. The A values of homogeneous MCF and SMF were close to their Aeff values. On the other hand, the A value of small core fiber in heterogeneous MCF was larger than its Aeff value. From these results, it was concluded that the plasma, which occurred in the vaporized core, tends to expand in the small-Aeff fiber. Furthermore, it was found that in the neighboring core layers the generation and propagation of fiber fuse was hindered during fiber fuse propagation in the heated core of homogeneous and/or heterogeneous MCF.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Fiber Fuse Simulation in Multi-Core Fibers for Space Division Multiplexed Transmission
    AU  - Yoshito Shuto
    Y1  - 2022/08/31
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15
    T2  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
    JF  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
    JO  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
    SP  - 162
    EP  - 169
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2329-1605
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.15
    AB  - Owing to the progress of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology using an optical-fiber amplifier, we can exchange large amounts of data at a rate of 100 Tbit/s class over several hundred kilometers. However, it is widely recognized that the maximum transmission capacity of a single strand of fiber is rapidly approaching its limit of ~100 Tbit/s owing to the optical power limitations imposed by the fiber fuse phenomenon and the finite transmission bandwidth determined by optical-fiber amplifiers. To overcome these limitations, space-division multiplexing (SDM) technologies using a multi-core fiber (MCF) were proposed. The fiber fuse experiments of MCFs at 1.55 μm were conducted using two types of MCFs: homogeneous 7-core MCF and heterogeneous 6-core MCF. The fiber fuse effect in these MCFs was studied theoretically by the explicit finite-difference method using the thermochemical SiOx production model. In the calculation, we assumed that two types of MCFs have a simple refractive-index profile, which is similar to that of doubly clad single-mode fibers. The calculated threshold power Pth of the homogeneous MCF was 1.19-1.25 W, which was close to the experimental Pth value of SMF. On the other hand, the Pth of small core fiber in heterogeneous MCF was 0.89 W. It was found that the Pth values of two types of MCFs were proportional to their cross sectional area Aeff values. Next, the cross sectional area A of the vaporized core was estimated using the proportionality constant Vf / P0 of MCFs and SMF at P0 ³ 5 W. The A values of homogeneous MCF and SMF were close to their Aeff values. On the other hand, the A value of small core fiber in heterogeneous MCF was larger than its Aeff value. From these results, it was concluded that the plasma, which occurred in the vaporized core, tends to expand in the small-Aeff fiber. Furthermore, it was found that in the neighboring core layers the generation and propagation of fiber fuse was hindered during fiber fuse propagation in the heated core of homogeneous and/or heterogeneous MCF.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Ofra Project, Iruma, Japan

  • Sections