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A New Syllogism Closer to the Reality of Human Thinking -- On Lei Ma’s Substitution Logic

Received: 24 November 2022     Accepted: 12 December 2022     Published: 23 December 2022
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Abstract

The follow-up research of Aristotle’s syllogism has different approaches. The traditional syllogism follows Aristotle’s conceptual system and hopes to make improvements within Aristotle’s theory. Mathematical logic proposes a new conceptual system to accurately interpret Aristotle’s syllogism. Lei Ma puts forward an extended syllogism whose conceptual system is different from Aristotelian logic and mathematical logic. He thinks that Aristotle’s syllogism and traditional syllogism have tedious figures, moods, and reasoning rules, which are difficult for us to memorize. It is a theoretical conclusion of the human reasoning process but does not conform to the actual human thinking process. Ma’s syllogism is called substitution logic, which mainly concerns the substitution characteristics of a human thinking process, and summarizes the substitution rules in the reasoning process. Substitution logic appropriately describes the actual human reasoning process, thus inspiring us to establish a unified scientific theory of thinking and carry out normative research on the unity of abstract thinking and imaginative thinking. Substitution logic may be applied to the field of artificial intelligence, making artificial intelligence closer to the reality of human thinking. It seems that the research direction of substitution logic will give birth to human-like AI systems and promote the revolutionary transformation of AI research.

Published in International Journal of Philosophy (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijp.20221004.16
Page(s) 159-162
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Aristotle’s Syllogism, Traditional Syllogism, Substitution Logic

References
[1] Aristotle. (2014). Prior analytics. (A. J. Jenkinson trans.). Retrieved from http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/
[2] Ben-Yami. (2014). The quantified argument calculus, The Review of Symbolic Logic, 7: 120–46.
[3] Bueno, O.(2013). Logical constants: a modalist approach. Noûs, 47 (1): 1-24.
[4] Castro-Manzano, J. M.; Lozano-Cobos, L. I.; Reyes-Cardenas, P. O. (2018). Programming with Term Logic. BRAIN Broad Res. Artif. Intell. Neurosci. 9: 22-36.
[5] Castro-Manzano, J. (2021). Traditional Logic and Computational Thinking. Philosophies, 6 (1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6010012
[6] Copi, I. M., Cohen, C., & McMahon, K. (2014). Introduction to Logic. (14th Eds.) Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
[7] Council, N.; Sciences, D.; Board, C. (2010). Thinking, C. Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking. National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA.
[8] Jonas Raab (2018). Aristotle, Logic, and QUARC, History and Philosophy of Logic, 39 (4): 305-340. https://doi.10.1080/01445340.2018.1467198
[9] Kneale, W., & Kneale, M. (1962). The development of logic. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. (Chn. trans. by Zhang, J. L., & Hong, H. K., (1995, pp. 453-454). Beijing: The Commerce Press).
[10] Kowalski, R. (2012). Computational Logic and Human Thinking: How to Be Artificially Intelligent. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
[11] Lukasiewicz, J. (1957). Aristotle’s syllogistic: From the standpoint of modern formal logic (2nd ed.). Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
[12] Ma, L. (2015a). Truth-graph Method: A Handy Method Different from that of Lesniewsk’s. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 42 (1): 79-111. https://doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0032
[13] Ma, L. (2015b). Traditional Inference and its Versions in the Combined Calculus. The Philosophical Forum, 46 (2): 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/phil.12062
[14] Ma, L. (2016). Aristotle's Formal System of Modal Logic and its Modal Paradoxes. The Philosophical Forum, 47 (1): 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/phil.12090
[15] Ma, L. (2017). The Essential and the Derivative Moods of Aristotelian Syllogism. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 4 (1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2017.1282689
[16] Ma, L. (2018). The Normal-Form Decision Method in the Combined Calculus. Axiomathes, 25 (76): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10516-018-9376-4
[17] Ma, L. (2019). Substitution Logic: An Extension of Syllogism. The Philosophical Forum, 50 (2), 191-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/phil.12221.
[18] Noah, A. (2015). Sommers’s cancellation technique and the method of resolution. In The Old New Logic: Essays on the Philosophy of Fred Sommers; Oderberg, D. S., Ed.; Bradford Book; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 169-182 pp.
[19] Sellars, R. W. (1917). The essentials of logic. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.
[20] Striker, Gisela. (2022). Aristotle and the Uses of Logic. From Aristotle to Cicero: Essays in Ancient Philosophy (Oxford, 2022; online edn, Oxford Academic, 20 Jan.). https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868385.003.0005
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    Xiangqun Chen. (2022). A New Syllogism Closer to the Reality of Human Thinking -- On Lei Ma’s Substitution Logic. International Journal of Philosophy, 10(4), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20221004.16

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    Xiangqun Chen. A New Syllogism Closer to the Reality of Human Thinking -- On Lei Ma’s Substitution Logic. Int. J. Philos. 2022, 10(4), 159-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ijp.20221004.16

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    AMA Style

    Xiangqun Chen. A New Syllogism Closer to the Reality of Human Thinking -- On Lei Ma’s Substitution Logic. Int J Philos. 2022;10(4):159-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ijp.20221004.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijp.20221004.16,
      author = {Xiangqun Chen},
      title = {A New Syllogism Closer to the Reality of Human Thinking -- On Lei Ma’s Substitution Logic},
      journal = {International Journal of Philosophy},
      volume = {10},
      number = {4},
      pages = {159-162},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijp.20221004.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20221004.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijp.20221004.16},
      abstract = {The follow-up research of Aristotle’s syllogism has different approaches. The traditional syllogism follows Aristotle’s conceptual system and hopes to make improvements within Aristotle’s theory. Mathematical logic proposes a new conceptual system to accurately interpret Aristotle’s syllogism. Lei Ma puts forward an extended syllogism whose conceptual system is different from Aristotelian logic and mathematical logic. He thinks that Aristotle’s syllogism and traditional syllogism have tedious figures, moods, and reasoning rules, which are difficult for us to memorize. It is a theoretical conclusion of the human reasoning process but does not conform to the actual human thinking process. Ma’s syllogism is called substitution logic, which mainly concerns the substitution characteristics of a human thinking process, and summarizes the substitution rules in the reasoning process. Substitution logic appropriately describes the actual human reasoning process, thus inspiring us to establish a unified scientific theory of thinking and carry out normative research on the unity of abstract thinking and imaginative thinking. Substitution logic may be applied to the field of artificial intelligence, making artificial intelligence closer to the reality of human thinking. It seems that the research direction of substitution logic will give birth to human-like AI systems and promote the revolutionary transformation of AI research.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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Author Information
  • Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

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