| Peer-Reviewed

Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among Caregivers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Children in Calabar, Nigeria

Received: 20 November 2018     Accepted: 7 December 2018     Published: 11 January 2019
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

WHO ranks depression as the single largest contributor to global disability which is approximately 7.5% of all years lived with disability in 2015, anxiety disorders are ranked 6th (3.4%). Due to the chronic course of the disease, it imparts negatively on the caregivers who demonstrate high levels of psychological distress and depression, increased rates of physiological illness, personal, financial, family, and social problems. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July to November 2018 at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. A structured proforma was used to collect the baseline data which included socio-demography, relationship to the child, socioeconomic status etc. The anxiety and depression levels of these individuals were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Sixty-four (64) parents/caregivers were interviewed who were predominantly females 79.7% with F: M ratio of 4:1. Most of the parents/caregivers had moderate grade depression and anxiety scores of 45(70.3%) and 36(56.2%) respectively. The predictors for the presence of depression were female gender, lower average monthly income and HIV status. No statistically significant predictor was identified for anxiety. The study showed that socio-demographic factors and HIV status were predictors of mental outcomes among caregivers of HIV infected children. Depression was the commonest presentation by caregivers. Clinicians should thoroughly and regularly assess mental health problems of caregivers of HIV positive children and utilize multidisciplinary approach to reduce burden on caregivers.

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14
Page(s) 52-56
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Adherence, ART, Scale, Family, Distress, Socioeconomic

References
[1] UNAIDS (2017) 'Ending AIDS: Progress towards the 90-90-90 targets'.
[2] Cochrane JJ, Goering PN, Rogers JM. The mental health of informal caregivers in Ontario: an epidemiological survey. Am J Public Health. 2002; 87: 2002–2007.
[3] Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
[4] Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. Samet J, editor. PLoS Med. [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2016 Dec 27]; 3: e442.
[5] Fortinsky RH, Tennen H, Frank N, Affleck G. Health and psychological consequences of caregiving. In: Aldwin C, Park C, Spiro R, editors. Handbook of health psychology and aging. New York: Guilford, 2007: p. 227-249.
[6] Savla J, Almeida DM, Davey A, Zarit SH. Routine assistance to parents: Effects on daily mood and other stressors. J Gerontol Soc Sci 2008; 63: S154-S161.
[7] Wakabayashi C, Donato KM. Does caregiving increase poverty among women in later life? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey. J Health Soc Behav 2006; 47: 258- 274.
[8] Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67: 361-370.
[9] Fawzi M. C., Eustache E., Oswald C., et al. Psychosocial Functioning Among HIV- Affected Youth and Their Caregivers in Haiti: Implications for Family-Focused Service Provision in High HIV Burden Settings. Aids Patient Care and STDs 2010; 24(3): 147- 158.
[10] Tompkins T. L., Henker B., Whalen C. K., et al. Motherhood in the Context of HIV 
Infection: Reading Between the Numbers. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority 
Psychology 1999; 5(3): 197-208.
[11] Ndetei D. M, Khasakala L., Nyabola L., et al. The Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms and Syndromes in Kenyan Children and Adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2008; 20(1): 33-51.
[12] M. J. Lee, L. K. Hasche, S. Choi, E. K. Proctor, N. Morrow-Howell Comparison of major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression among older adults in community long-term care. Aging and Mental Health (2012), pp. 1-9.
[13] T. W. Meeks, I. V. Vahia, H. Lavretsky, G. Kulkarni, D. V. JesteA tune in “a minor” can “b major”: a review of epidemiology, illness course, and public health implications of subthreshold depression in older adults.Journal of Affect Disorders, 129 (2011), 126-142
[14] Ayuso-Mateos JL, R. Nuevo, E. Verdes, N. Naidoo, S. Chatterji. Depressive symptoms to depressive disorders: the relevance of thresholds. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196 (2010), pp. 365-371.
[15] Nyirenda, M. L. Newell, J. Mugisha, P. C. Mutevedzi, J. Seeley, F. Scholten, P. KowalHealth, wellbeing, and disability among older people infected or affected by HIV in Uganda and South Africa. Affect Disord. 2013 Oct; 151(1): 31–38.
[16] Collins PY, Patel V, Joestl SS, March D, Insel TR, Daar AS, et al. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature. 2011; 475(7354): 27-30.
[17] Scheibe S, Preuschhof C, Cristi C, Bagby RM. Are there gender differences in major depression and its response to antidepressants? Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003; 75(3): 223-35.
[18] Kipp W., Tindyebwa D., Karamagi E., et al. Family Caregiving to AIDS Patients: The Role of Gender in Caregiver Burden in Uganda. Journal of International Women's Studies 2006; 7: 1.
[19] UNICEF. For every child, a fair chance: The promise of equity. New York: UNICEF, 2015.
[20] Potterton J., Stewart A., and C ooper P. Parenting Stress of Caregivers of Young Children 
Who is HIV Positive. African Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 10(4): 210-214.
[21] Collins PY, Holman AR, Freeman MC, Patel V. What is the relevance of mental health to HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs in developing countries? A systematic review. AIDS. 2006; 20(12): 1571-82.
[22] Sebit M, Tombe M, Siziya S, Balus S, Nkomo S, Maramba P. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS and psychiatric disorders and their related risk factors among adults in Epworth, Zimbabwe. East African Medical Journal. 2003; 80(10): 503-12.
[23] Blasini I, Chantry C, Cruz C, Ortiz L, Salabarria I, Scalley N, et al. Disclosure model for pediatric patients living with HIV in Puerto Rico: design, implementation, and evaluation. J Dev Behav Pediatr (2004) 25(3): 181–9.
[24] Battles HB, Wiener LS. From adolescence through young adulthood: psychosocial adjustment associated with long-term survival of HIV. J Adolesc Health (2002) 30(3): 161–8.
[25] Menon A, Glazebrook C, Campain N, Ngoma M. Mental health and disclosure of HIV status in Zambian adolescents with HIV infection: implications for peer-support programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (2007) 46(3):349–54.
[26] Papastavrou E., Kalokerinou A., Papacostas S. S., Tsangari H. & Sourtzi P. (2007) Caring for a relative with dementia: family caregiver burden. Journal of Advanced Nursing 58(5), 446–457.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Sunday Oteikwu Ochigbo, Chimaeze Torty, Sidney Oparah. (2019). Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among Caregivers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Children in Calabar, Nigeria. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 4(2), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Sunday Oteikwu Ochigbo; Chimaeze Torty; Sidney Oparah. Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among Caregivers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Children in Calabar, Nigeria. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2019, 4(2), 52-56. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Sunday Oteikwu Ochigbo, Chimaeze Torty, Sidney Oparah. Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among Caregivers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Children in Calabar, Nigeria. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2019;4(2):52-56. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14,
      author = {Sunday Oteikwu Ochigbo and Chimaeze Torty and Sidney Oparah},
      title = {Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among Caregivers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Children in Calabar, Nigeria},
      journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
      volume = {4},
      number = {2},
      pages = {52-56},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20180402.14},
      abstract = {WHO ranks depression as the single largest contributor to global disability which is approximately 7.5% of all years lived with disability in 2015, anxiety disorders are ranked 6th (3.4%). Due to the chronic course of the disease, it imparts negatively on the caregivers who demonstrate high levels of psychological distress and depression, increased rates of physiological illness, personal, financial, family, and social problems. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July to November 2018 at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. A structured proforma was used to collect the baseline data which included socio-demography, relationship to the child, socioeconomic status etc. The anxiety and depression levels of these individuals were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Sixty-four (64) parents/caregivers were interviewed who were predominantly females 79.7% with F: M ratio of 4:1. Most of the parents/caregivers had moderate grade depression and anxiety scores of 45(70.3%) and 36(56.2%) respectively. The predictors for the presence of depression were female gender, lower average monthly income and HIV status. No statistically significant predictor was identified for anxiety. The study showed that socio-demographic factors and HIV status were predictors of mental outcomes among caregivers of HIV infected children. Depression was the commonest presentation by caregivers. Clinicians should thoroughly and regularly assess mental health problems of caregivers of HIV positive children and utilize multidisciplinary approach to reduce burden on caregivers.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among Caregivers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Children in Calabar, Nigeria
    AU  - Sunday Oteikwu Ochigbo
    AU  - Chimaeze Torty
    AU  - Sidney Oparah
    Y1  - 2019/01/11
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14
    T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
    JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
    JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
    SP  - 52
    EP  - 56
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5765
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20180402.14
    AB  - WHO ranks depression as the single largest contributor to global disability which is approximately 7.5% of all years lived with disability in 2015, anxiety disorders are ranked 6th (3.4%). Due to the chronic course of the disease, it imparts negatively on the caregivers who demonstrate high levels of psychological distress and depression, increased rates of physiological illness, personal, financial, family, and social problems. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July to November 2018 at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. A structured proforma was used to collect the baseline data which included socio-demography, relationship to the child, socioeconomic status etc. The anxiety and depression levels of these individuals were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Sixty-four (64) parents/caregivers were interviewed who were predominantly females 79.7% with F: M ratio of 4:1. Most of the parents/caregivers had moderate grade depression and anxiety scores of 45(70.3%) and 36(56.2%) respectively. The predictors for the presence of depression were female gender, lower average monthly income and HIV status. No statistically significant predictor was identified for anxiety. The study showed that socio-demographic factors and HIV status were predictors of mental outcomes among caregivers of HIV infected children. Depression was the commonest presentation by caregivers. Clinicians should thoroughly and regularly assess mental health problems of caregivers of HIV positive children and utilize multidisciplinary approach to reduce burden on caregivers.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Paediatrics, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Paediatrics, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Sections