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Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island

Received: 13 March 2016     Accepted: 22 March 2016     Published: 1 April 2016
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Abstract

Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (Cd), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (Cd) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (Cd, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
Page(s) 45-55
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Zanzibar, Degree of Contamination, Risk Assessment, Health Risk, Environmental Pollution

References
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed, Sara Abdalla Khamis, Haji Mwevura, Miza Ali Kombo, Said Suleiman Bakari. (2016). Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 4(2), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

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    ACS Style

    Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed; Sara Abdalla Khamis; Haji Mwevura; Miza Ali Kombo; Said Suleiman Bakari. Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2016, 4(2), 45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

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    AMA Style

    Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed, Sara Abdalla Khamis, Haji Mwevura, Miza Ali Kombo, Said Suleiman Bakari. Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2016;4(2):45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12,
      author = {Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed and Sara Abdalla Khamis and Haji Mwevura and Miza Ali Kombo and Said Suleiman Bakari},
      title = {Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island},
      journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
      volume = {4},
      number = {2},
      pages = {45-55},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20160402.12},
      abstract = {Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals  in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (Cd), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (Cd) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (Cd, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island
    AU  - Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed
    AU  - Sara Abdalla Khamis
    AU  - Haji Mwevura
    AU  - Miza Ali Kombo
    AU  - Said Suleiman Bakari
    Y1  - 2016/04/01
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
    T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    SP  - 45
    EP  - 55
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7667
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
    AB  - Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals  in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (Cd), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (Cd) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (Cd, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania

  • Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania

  • Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania

  • Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania

  • Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania

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