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Application of Locally Produced Activated Carbons for Petroleum Produced Water Treatment

Received: 6 October 2018     Accepted: 8 November 2018     Published: 26 December 2018
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Abstract

The treatment of petroleum produced water before discharge has been made a legal requirement to protect water resources and avoid acute and chronic toxicities. Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used worldwide as an effective medium for the adsorption of biological and chemical contaminants in advance waste water, but its use is limited by its high cost. This study aimed to apply locally prepared activated carbons from coconut and palm kernel shells waste for the abatement of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total alkalinity and conductivity in petroleum produced water. Chemical analyses of the petroleum produced water were done to establish the characteristics of the water before and after contacting with the activated carbons for 60 min. The results revealed the COD was reduced to 9.38% by PKSAC, 15.63% by CNTAC and 45.31% by ZC at the 45th min. The total alkalinity reduction was 27.27% for both PKSAC and CNTAC, and 36.36% for ZC. Also, turbidity of the waste water was reduced to 3.48% for CNTAC, 5.56% for PKSAC at the end of 60 min but an anomaly was observed for ZC, where the percentage turbidity of the water increased from 2.78% to 5.36% from the first 45 to the 60 min. The reduction of conductivities of the solution occurred in the first 15 min. The anomalous behaviours observed by all the carbons are an indication of the consumption of vacant active sites on the surface of the carbons for further uptake. This study has revealed some latent facts about the usefulness and effectiveness of granular activated carbons produced from agricultural waste materials which advances existing knowledge in the use of local agro-waste materials for AC preparation.

Published in International Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14
Page(s) 49-55
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Produced Water, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Waste Water Treatment

References
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[13] Tan, I. A. W., Ahmad A. L., and Hameed, B. H. (2008), “Preparation of Activated Carbon from Coconut Husk: Optimization Study on Removal of 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol Using Response Surface Methodology”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 153, pp. 709–717
[14] Maiti, S., Purakayastha, S. and Ghosh, B. (2008), “Production of Low Cost Carbon Absorbents from Agricultural Wastes and their Impact on Dye Adsorption”, Chem. Eng. Comm., Vol. 195, pp. 386 – 403
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[26] Anon. (1989), America Public Health Association Standard (APHA) Methods for the Examination of Wastewater, 541pp.
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[28] Gergova, K., Petrove, N. and Eser, S. (1994), “Adsorption Properties and Microstructure of Activated Carbons Produced from Agricultural By–products by Steam Pyrolysis”, Carbon, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 693-702.
[29] Baccar, R., Bouzid, J., Feki, M. and Montiel, A. (2009), “Preparation of Activated Carbon from Tunision Olive-waste Cake and its Application for Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 162, pp. 1522-1529.
[30] Satayev, M. I., Alibekov, R. S., Satayeva, L. M., Baiysbay, O. P. and Mutaliyeva, B. Z. (2015), “Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Apricot Kernel Shells by Mechanical, Chemical and Thermal Activations”, Modern Applied Science, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 1913-1952.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    John Bentil, William Kwame Buah. (2018). Application of Locally Produced Activated Carbons for Petroleum Produced Water Treatment. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 2(2), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14

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    ACS Style

    John Bentil; William Kwame Buah. Application of Locally Produced Activated Carbons for Petroleum Produced Water Treatment. Int. J. Environ. Chem. 2018, 2(2), 49-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14

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    AMA Style

    John Bentil, William Kwame Buah. Application of Locally Produced Activated Carbons for Petroleum Produced Water Treatment. Int J Environ Chem. 2018;2(2):49-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14,
      author = {John Bentil and William Kwame Buah},
      title = {Application of Locally Produced Activated Carbons for Petroleum Produced Water Treatment},
      journal = {International Journal of Environmental Chemistry},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2},
      pages = {49-55},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijec.20180202.14},
      abstract = {The treatment of petroleum produced water before discharge has been made a legal requirement to protect water resources and avoid acute and chronic toxicities. Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used worldwide as an effective medium for the adsorption of biological and chemical contaminants in advance waste water, but its use is limited by its high cost. This study aimed to apply locally prepared activated carbons from coconut and palm kernel shells waste for the abatement of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total alkalinity and conductivity in petroleum produced water. Chemical analyses of the petroleum produced water were done to establish the characteristics of the water before and after contacting with the activated carbons for 60 min. The results revealed the COD was reduced to 9.38% by PKSAC, 15.63% by CNTAC and 45.31% by ZC at the 45th min. The total alkalinity reduction was 27.27% for both PKSAC and CNTAC, and 36.36% for ZC. Also, turbidity of the waste water was reduced to 3.48% for CNTAC, 5.56% for PKSAC at the end of 60 min but an anomaly was observed for ZC, where the percentage turbidity of the water increased from 2.78% to 5.36% from the first 45 to the 60 min. The reduction of conductivities of the solution occurred in the first 15 min. The anomalous behaviours observed by all the carbons are an indication of the consumption of vacant active sites on the surface of the carbons for further uptake. This study has revealed some latent facts about the usefulness and effectiveness of granular activated carbons produced from agricultural waste materials which advances existing knowledge in the use of local agro-waste materials for AC preparation.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Application of Locally Produced Activated Carbons for Petroleum Produced Water Treatment
    AU  - John Bentil
    AU  - William Kwame Buah
    Y1  - 2018/12/26
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14
    T2  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
    JF  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
    JO  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
    SP  - 49
    EP  - 55
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-1460
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20180202.14
    AB  - The treatment of petroleum produced water before discharge has been made a legal requirement to protect water resources and avoid acute and chronic toxicities. Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used worldwide as an effective medium for the adsorption of biological and chemical contaminants in advance waste water, but its use is limited by its high cost. This study aimed to apply locally prepared activated carbons from coconut and palm kernel shells waste for the abatement of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total alkalinity and conductivity in petroleum produced water. Chemical analyses of the petroleum produced water were done to establish the characteristics of the water before and after contacting with the activated carbons for 60 min. The results revealed the COD was reduced to 9.38% by PKSAC, 15.63% by CNTAC and 45.31% by ZC at the 45th min. The total alkalinity reduction was 27.27% for both PKSAC and CNTAC, and 36.36% for ZC. Also, turbidity of the waste water was reduced to 3.48% for CNTAC, 5.56% for PKSAC at the end of 60 min but an anomaly was observed for ZC, where the percentage turbidity of the water increased from 2.78% to 5.36% from the first 45 to the 60 min. The reduction of conductivities of the solution occurred in the first 15 min. The anomalous behaviours observed by all the carbons are an indication of the consumption of vacant active sites on the surface of the carbons for further uptake. This study has revealed some latent facts about the usefulness and effectiveness of granular activated carbons produced from agricultural waste materials which advances existing knowledge in the use of local agro-waste materials for AC preparation.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Civil Engineering, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana

  • Department of Mineral Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

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