| Peer-Reviewed

Modelling the Sex – Specific Prevalence of Cancer Types in Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape Provincial Hospitals in South Africa

Received: 24 February 2021     Accepted: 6 April 2021     Published: 26 April 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Cancer has been identified to be a major community health issue of concern to many societies. This is of particular interest when it comes to the developing South Africa. The epidemiology of cancer cases has been made known, though still under study. This research intended to understand the prevalence of different cancers and suggest preventive measures to reduce the burden of the disease and furthermore, reduce the effect of destruction to those affected in good time. The methods for data collection and overall treatment classified the study to be a cross-sectional study whose data were collected by use of a questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on variables such as counts of breast cancer, cervix cancer counts, oesophageal cancer counts and counts of other types of cancer. The analysis was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential analyses. Outcomes were well tabulated and interpreted. The results were obtained by the application of a number of methods, which were used to perform the analysis for this study. The methods were: descriptive analysis, T-test comparisons and some were complemented by error bar plots and box-plots. The following were some of the observed results for the indicated variables: Breast Cancer: Mean (201.4545), Std Dev (18.62452), 95% Ci (164.21, 238.70); Kaposi Sarcoma: Mean (29.4167), Std Dev (6.76163), 95% Ci (15.89, 42.94); Prostate Cancer: Mean (7.7500), Std Dev (.71217), 95% Ci (-1.67, 17.17); Lung Cancer: Mean (6.9167), Std Dev (.67848), 95% Ci (1.56, 12.27); Choriocarcinoma: Mean (5.3333), Std Dev (2.77434), 95% Ci (-0.22, 0.88). It is quite fitting to understand that this research as a revelation of the establishment of some very important outcomes. Of great significance, was the discovery that breast cancer among women continued to destroy the female gender in the communities where the data were collected. Results further show that cervix cancer is another cancer on the rise with a higher prevalence rate in the stated communities.

Published in International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12
Page(s) 56-68
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Statistic, Women, Epidemiology, Quantitative Analysis, Prevalence

References
[1] Balekouzou, A., Ramatika, C., Bishwajit, G., Nambei, S., & et al. (2016). The Epidemiology of breast cancer: A retrospective study in the Central African Republic. BMC Public Health, 1. doi: 10.1186/s 12889-016-3863-6.
[2] Bhutan InfoComm and Media Authority, Royal Government of Bhutan. Rules on Content. Thimphu, Bhutan InfoComm and Media Authority 2010.
[3] Curado, M. Breast cancer in the world: Incidence and mortality. Salud Publica De Mexico, 2014; 53 (5), 372-384.
[4] Lundgrén-Laine, H., & Salanterä, S. Information systems in hospitals: A review article from a nursing management perspective. International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations 2013. doi: 10.1504/IJNVO.2013.058441.
[5] Mintzberg, H. (2002). Managing care and cure-up and down, in and out. Health Services Management Research, 15 (3), 193 - 2006.
[6] Sithole, N., & Somdyala, N. Hospital-Based Cancer Registry Frere Hospital, East London cancer Incidence 1991-209, Technical Report 2017; 10.
[7] Virtanen, J., & Kovalainen. Doctor’s and nurse’s organizations from the point of view of practical leadership (in Finnish: Lääkärien ja hoitajien linjaorganisaatiot käytännön johtamisen näkökulmasta). Finnish Medical Journal, 2006; 61 (33).
[8] Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Dyba T, Randi G, Bettio M et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries and 25 major cancers in 2018. European Journal of Cancer, 2013; 49 (6): 1374-1403.
[9] International Agency for Research on Cancer. Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 19.3 million new cases and 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. Press release 292. 15 December 2020.
[10] Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [28 January 2021]. Statistics for Europe are based on WHO Europe region of 53 countries. Data for Andorra, Monaco and San Marino are not included.
[11] European Commission. Breast cancer burden in EU-27. European Cancer Information System. https://ecis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pdf/Breast_cancer_factsheet-Dec_2020.pdf. Accessed 28 January 2021.
[12] European Commission. European Cancer Information System. https://ecis.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Accessed 28 January 2021.
[13] Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW (eds.). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. World Health Organization, Geneva 2020.
[14] Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global cancer transitions according to the human development index (2008-2030): a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: 790–801. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70211-5.
[15] Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, et al. Global, regional, and National Cancer Incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 Cancer groups, 1990 to 2015. JAMA Oncol. 2017; 3: 524. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.1747.
[16] Althuis MD, Dozier JM, Anderson WF, Devesa SS. Brinton L a. Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality 1973-1997. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34: 405–412. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyh414.
[17] Galceran J, Ameijide A, Carulla M, Mateos A, Quirós J, Rojas M, et al. Cancer incidence in Spain, 2015. Clin Transl Oncol. 2017; 19: 799–825. doi: 10.1007/s12094-016-1607-9.
[18] Héry C, Ferlay J, Boniol M, Autier P. Quantification of changes in breast cancer incidence and mortality since 1990 in 35 countries with Caucasian-majority populations. Ann Oncol. 2008; 19: 1187–1194. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdn025.
[19] Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Towards an integrated model for breast cancer etiology: the lifelong interplay of genes, lifestyle, and hormones. Breast Cancer Res. 2004; 6: 213–8.
[20] Lacey J, Devesa S, Brinton L. Recent trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002; 88: 82–8.
[21] Colonna M, Delafosse P, Uhry Z, Poncet F, Arveux P, Molinie F, et al. Is breast cancer incidence increasing among young women? An analysis of the trend in France for the period 1983-2002. Breast. 2008; 17: 289–292. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2007.10.017.
[22] Leclère B, Molinie F, Tretarre B, Stracci F, Daubisse-Marliac L, Colonna M, et al. Trends in incidence of breast cancer among women under 40 in seven European countries: a GRELL cooperative study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013; 37: 544–549. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.05.001.
[23] Pollán M. Epidemiology of breast cancer in young women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010; 123: 3–6. doi: 10.1007/s10549-010-1098-2.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Wezile Chitha, John Sungwacha Nasila, Zukiswa Jafta, Buyiswa Swartbooi, Siyabonga Sibulawa, et al. (2021). Modelling the Sex – Specific Prevalence of Cancer Types in Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape Provincial Hospitals in South Africa. International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research, 6(2), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Wezile Chitha; John Sungwacha Nasila; Zukiswa Jafta; Buyiswa Swartbooi; Siyabonga Sibulawa, et al. Modelling the Sex – Specific Prevalence of Cancer Types in Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape Provincial Hospitals in South Africa. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. Cancer Res. 2021, 6(2), 56-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Wezile Chitha, John Sungwacha Nasila, Zukiswa Jafta, Buyiswa Swartbooi, Siyabonga Sibulawa, et al. Modelling the Sex – Specific Prevalence of Cancer Types in Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape Provincial Hospitals in South Africa. Int J Clin Oncol Cancer Res. 2021;6(2):56-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12,
      author = {Wezile Chitha and John Sungwacha Nasila and Zukiswa Jafta and Buyiswa Swartbooi and Siyabonga Sibulawa and Onke Mnyaka and Natasha Williams and Longo-Mbenza Benjamin},
      title = {Modelling the Sex – Specific Prevalence of Cancer Types in Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape Provincial Hospitals in South Africa},
      journal = {International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research},
      volume = {6},
      number = {2},
      pages = {56-68},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcocr.20210602.12},
      abstract = {Cancer has been identified to be a major community health issue of concern to many societies. This is of particular interest when it comes to the developing South Africa. The epidemiology of cancer cases has been made known, though still under study. This research intended to understand the prevalence of different cancers and suggest preventive measures to reduce the burden of the disease and furthermore, reduce the effect of destruction to those affected in good time. The methods for data collection and overall treatment classified the study to be a cross-sectional study whose data were collected by use of a questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on variables such as counts of breast cancer, cervix cancer counts, oesophageal cancer counts and counts of other types of cancer. The analysis was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential analyses. Outcomes were well tabulated and interpreted. The results were obtained by the application of a number of methods, which were used to perform the analysis for this study. The methods were: descriptive analysis, T-test comparisons and some were complemented by error bar plots and box-plots. The following were some of the observed results for the indicated variables: Breast Cancer: Mean (201.4545), Std Dev (18.62452), 95% Ci (164.21, 238.70); Kaposi Sarcoma: Mean (29.4167), Std Dev (6.76163), 95% Ci (15.89, 42.94); Prostate Cancer: Mean (7.7500), Std Dev (.71217), 95% Ci (-1.67, 17.17); Lung Cancer: Mean (6.9167), Std Dev (.67848), 95% Ci (1.56, 12.27); Choriocarcinoma: Mean (5.3333), Std Dev (2.77434), 95% Ci (-0.22, 0.88). It is quite fitting to understand that this research as a revelation of the establishment of some very important outcomes. Of great significance, was the discovery that breast cancer among women continued to destroy the female gender in the communities where the data were collected. Results further show that cervix cancer is another cancer on the rise with a higher prevalence rate in the stated communities.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Modelling the Sex – Specific Prevalence of Cancer Types in Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape Provincial Hospitals in South Africa
    AU  - Wezile Chitha
    AU  - John Sungwacha Nasila
    AU  - Zukiswa Jafta
    AU  - Buyiswa Swartbooi
    AU  - Siyabonga Sibulawa
    AU  - Onke Mnyaka
    AU  - Natasha Williams
    AU  - Longo-Mbenza Benjamin
    Y1  - 2021/04/26
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12
    T2  - International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research
    JF  - International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research
    JO  - International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research
    SP  - 56
    EP  - 68
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9511
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20210602.12
    AB  - Cancer has been identified to be a major community health issue of concern to many societies. This is of particular interest when it comes to the developing South Africa. The epidemiology of cancer cases has been made known, though still under study. This research intended to understand the prevalence of different cancers and suggest preventive measures to reduce the burden of the disease and furthermore, reduce the effect of destruction to those affected in good time. The methods for data collection and overall treatment classified the study to be a cross-sectional study whose data were collected by use of a questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on variables such as counts of breast cancer, cervix cancer counts, oesophageal cancer counts and counts of other types of cancer. The analysis was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential analyses. Outcomes were well tabulated and interpreted. The results were obtained by the application of a number of methods, which were used to perform the analysis for this study. The methods were: descriptive analysis, T-test comparisons and some were complemented by error bar plots and box-plots. The following were some of the observed results for the indicated variables: Breast Cancer: Mean (201.4545), Std Dev (18.62452), 95% Ci (164.21, 238.70); Kaposi Sarcoma: Mean (29.4167), Std Dev (6.76163), 95% Ci (15.89, 42.94); Prostate Cancer: Mean (7.7500), Std Dev (.71217), 95% Ci (-1.67, 17.17); Lung Cancer: Mean (6.9167), Std Dev (.67848), 95% Ci (1.56, 12.27); Choriocarcinoma: Mean (5.3333), Std Dev (2.77434), 95% Ci (-0.22, 0.88). It is quite fitting to understand that this research as a revelation of the establishment of some very important outcomes. Of great significance, was the discovery that breast cancer among women continued to destroy the female gender in the communities where the data were collected. Results further show that cervix cancer is another cancer on the rise with a higher prevalence rate in the stated communities.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

  • Department of Statistics, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa

  • Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

  • Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

  • Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

  • Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

  • Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

  • Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

  • Sections