| Peer-Reviewed

Mapping Environmental Health Injustice in Chuka Town Through Land Use Refinement Method and Dispersal Modeling GIS Based Techniques

Received: 8 December 2016     Accepted: 28 December 2016     Published: 19 January 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

As the world population becomes urbanized, issues of environmental health, justice and equity are growing in interest. In developing countries, improper waste management contributes to environmental related health risks. In Kenya particularly, dumpsites are located close to residential blocks in urban areas exposing surrounding communities to olfactory nuisance, toxic smokes and diseases. To document cases of local environmental health injustice, sub population at exposure risk to smoke plume was assessed using a case study of Chuka town open dump site. Framework adopted in evaluating potential health risks was that on principles of risk assessment and Geographic Information System (GIS) based modeling. In this study, land use refinement and dispersal modeling methods were used to estimate population at exposure risk. The findings shown about 55,162 persons living along the smoke dispersion route were at high risk of exposure to hazardous smoke plumes. The exposure risk showed a spatial variation across the blocks in relation to land use and terrain. Over 73 percent of population in the affected blocks engaged in informal sector employment and were the less advantaged groups of this town’s urban community. The results of this study are consistent with those of related studies which have shown that location of noxious facilities is often within neighborhoods of minority urban poor. For the case of Chuka town, relocation of the dumpsite to a less populated block and the engagement of affected communities in mitigating the injustice will ease the ecological burden currently borne by these sub population.

Published in International Journal of Health Economics and Policy (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12
Page(s) 6-11
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Exposure Risk, Environmental Health Justice, Blocks, Dispersal Modeling, Land Use Refinement Method

References
[1] Allen, M. R., Braithwaite, A., Hills, C. C (1997). Trace organic compounds in landfill gas at seven U. K. waste disposal sites. Environ. Sci. Technology. 31, 1054-1061.
[2] Burke L. M (1993) Race and environmental equity: a geographic analysis in Los Angeles. Geo. Info. Systems 3 (9):44–50.
[3] Cutter S., Clark L., Holm D (1996) The role of geographic scale in monitoring environmental justice. Risk Analysis.16 (4): 517–526.
[4] Eric, S., Helga, L., Robert, B., Mcmaster, Hongguo, T., (1999). GIS-based measures of environmental equity: exploring their sensitivity and significance. Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology. 9, 18–28.
[5] Glickman T. S (1994). Measuring environmental equity with Geographic Information Systems. Renewable Resource.12 (3): 17–21.
[6] Gonzalez, C. A., Kogevinas, M., Gadea, E., Huici, A., Bosch, A., Bleda, M. J., Papke, O (2000). Bio monitoring study of people living near and working at a municipal solid-waste incinerator before and after two years of operation. Archives of Environmental Health 55, 259–267.
[7] Kasperson, K. H, (1985) Framework for Assessment and Management of Hazards.
[8] Kibetu, D. K (2011) GIS-based Approach to Municipal Solid Waste Management: A case study of Embu Municipality. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi.
[9] Kim Oanh, N. T., Chutimon, P., Ekbordin, W., Supat, W., (2005). Meteorological pattern classification and application for forecasting air pollution episode potential in a mountain-valley area. Atmos. Environ. 39, 1211-1225.
[10] McMaster R., Leitner H., Sheppard E (1997). GIS-based environmental equity and risk assessment: methodological problems and prospects. Cartography and Geographic Information System.24 (3): 172–189.
[11] Rushton, L (2003). Health hazards and Waste Management. British Medical Bulletin: 68, 183–197.
[12] Spokas, K., Bogner, J., Chanton, J. P., Morcet, M., Aran, C., Graff, C., Moreau-Le Golvan, Y., Hebe, I (2006). Methane mass balance at three landfill sites: what is the efficiency of capture by gas collection systems? Waste Management. 26, 516-525.
[13] Sui D. Z., Giardino J (1995) Applications of GIS in environmental equity analysis: a multi-scale and multi-zoning scheme study for the city of Houston, Texas, USA. Proceedings GIS/LIS ’95. GIS/LIS’95 Annual Conference and Exposition.14–16 November 1995. Nashville, TN. pp. 950–959.
[14] Tammemagi, H. Y (1999). The Waste Crisis: Landfills, Incinerators and the Search for a Sustainable Future. Oxford University Press, New York.
[15] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2009) Environmental Justice Home page. Available on: http://www.epa.gov/ environmental justice. Accessed on 15th July, 2016.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Kibetu Dickson Kinoti. (2017). Mapping Environmental Health Injustice in Chuka Town Through Land Use Refinement Method and Dispersal Modeling GIS Based Techniques. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 2(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Kibetu Dickson Kinoti. Mapping Environmental Health Injustice in Chuka Town Through Land Use Refinement Method and Dispersal Modeling GIS Based Techniques. Int. J. Health Econ. Policy 2017, 2(1), 6-11. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Kibetu Dickson Kinoti. Mapping Environmental Health Injustice in Chuka Town Through Land Use Refinement Method and Dispersal Modeling GIS Based Techniques. Int J Health Econ Policy. 2017;2(1):6-11. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12,
      author = {Kibetu Dickson Kinoti},
      title = {Mapping Environmental Health Injustice in Chuka Town Through Land Use Refinement Method and Dispersal Modeling GIS Based Techniques},
      journal = {International Journal of Health Economics and Policy},
      volume = {2},
      number = {1},
      pages = {6-11},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hep.20170201.12},
      abstract = {As the world population becomes urbanized, issues of environmental health, justice and equity are growing in interest. In developing countries, improper waste management contributes to environmental related health risks. In Kenya particularly, dumpsites are located close to residential blocks in urban areas exposing surrounding communities to olfactory nuisance, toxic smokes and diseases. To document cases of local environmental health injustice, sub population at exposure risk to smoke plume was assessed using a case study of Chuka town open dump site. Framework adopted in evaluating potential health risks was that on principles of risk assessment and Geographic Information System (GIS) based modeling. In this study, land use refinement and dispersal modeling methods were used to estimate population at exposure risk. The findings shown about 55,162 persons living along the smoke dispersion route were at high risk of exposure to hazardous smoke plumes. The exposure risk showed a spatial variation across the blocks in relation to land use and terrain. Over 73 percent of population in the affected blocks engaged in informal sector employment and were the less advantaged groups of this town’s urban community. The results of this study are consistent with those of related studies which have shown that location of noxious facilities is often within neighborhoods of minority urban poor. For the case of Chuka town, relocation of the dumpsite to a less populated block and the engagement of affected communities in mitigating the injustice will ease the ecological burden currently borne by these sub population.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Mapping Environmental Health Injustice in Chuka Town Through Land Use Refinement Method and Dispersal Modeling GIS Based Techniques
    AU  - Kibetu Dickson Kinoti
    Y1  - 2017/01/19
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12
    T2  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    JF  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    JO  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
    SP  - 6
    EP  - 11
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9309
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20170201.12
    AB  - As the world population becomes urbanized, issues of environmental health, justice and equity are growing in interest. In developing countries, improper waste management contributes to environmental related health risks. In Kenya particularly, dumpsites are located close to residential blocks in urban areas exposing surrounding communities to olfactory nuisance, toxic smokes and diseases. To document cases of local environmental health injustice, sub population at exposure risk to smoke plume was assessed using a case study of Chuka town open dump site. Framework adopted in evaluating potential health risks was that on principles of risk assessment and Geographic Information System (GIS) based modeling. In this study, land use refinement and dispersal modeling methods were used to estimate population at exposure risk. The findings shown about 55,162 persons living along the smoke dispersion route were at high risk of exposure to hazardous smoke plumes. The exposure risk showed a spatial variation across the blocks in relation to land use and terrain. Over 73 percent of population in the affected blocks engaged in informal sector employment and were the less advantaged groups of this town’s urban community. The results of this study are consistent with those of related studies which have shown that location of noxious facilities is often within neighborhoods of minority urban poor. For the case of Chuka town, relocation of the dumpsite to a less populated block and the engagement of affected communities in mitigating the injustice will ease the ecological burden currently borne by these sub population.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Arts and Humanities, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya

  • Sections