Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta

Owhonda Ihunwo; Ekpendu Chisom; Mmedorenyin Okon; Okoroafor Isaiah; Charles Obunwo; Chinedu Mmom

doi:doi:10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13

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Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta

Owhonda Ihunwo, Ekpendu Chisom, Mmedorenyin Okon, Okoroafor Isaiah, Charles Obunwo, Chinedu Mmom

Published in Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 4, Issue 4)

Received: 22 September 2018 Accepted: 4 October 2018 Published: 23 October 2018

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Abstract

Urban effluent polluted with sewage is a major source of pollution in developing countries, yet it is a line of study that is not properly explored. In this research, a river under influence from urban effluent was studied for four months, i.e. two seasons (dry season: February and March, wet season: April and May. Four sites along the river were identified for weekly sampling, with a distance from the start of the river as follows; site 1-100m, site 2-300m, site 3- 500m and site 4- 1000m. In situ measurements of salinity were collected weekly. Samples were analysed for Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, phosphate and nitrate. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB) and Faecal Coliform Bacteria (FCB) were also measured in water samples collected. These parameters were selected to access the activities of the microbial community in the water because of wastewater from the surrounding urban settlement on the watershed temporally and spatially. Results showed that the parameters studied changed in season and along the river. The dry season had significantly higher concentrations of parameters studied when compared to the wet seasons. Results also confirmed that the study river is polluted due to the urban effluent. This confirmation was attributed to the values of THB, TCB and FCB which were substantially high and varied from dry to wet season in the river.

Published in	Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13
Page(s)	110-114
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Wastewater, Sewage, River, Niger Delta, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Faecal, Bacteria, Urbanisation

References

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[3]	J. Zhang, Z. Wei, H. Jia, and X. Huang, “Factors influencing water quality indices in a typical urban river originated with reclaimed water,” Front. J. Environ. Sci. Eng., vol. 11, no. 4, p. 8, 2017.
[4]	J. E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin, and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental problems in an urbanizing world : finding solutions for cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London : Earthscan, 2001.
[5]	S. W. Mckenzie, “FIVE-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND,” vol. 7, pp. 1–21, 2003.
[6]	Hach Company/ Hach Lang GmbH, “Heterotrophic Bacteria. Plate Count Agar, Method 8241,” 2015.
[7]	Hach Company/ Hach Lang GmbH, “Coliforms, Total, Fecal and E. coli. m-Endo Broth Ampule, Method 8074,” 2017.
[8]	Hach Company/ Hach Lang GmbH, “Nitrate. Cadmium Reduction Method Method 8039,” 2014.
[9]	Hach Company/ Hach Lang GmbH, “Phosphorus, Total. USEPA1 PhosVer®, 3 with Acid Persulfate Digestion Method Method 8190,” 2017.
[10]	Systat Software. Inc., “SigmaPlot for Windows version 12.5,” 2011.
[11]	T. E. Jordan, D. E. Weller, and C. E. Pelc, “Effects of Local Watershed Land Use on Water Quality in Mid-Atlantic Coastal Bays and Subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay,” Estuaries and Coasts, pp. 1–16, 2017.
[12]	S. Suthar, J. Sharma, M. Chabukdhara, and A. K. Nema, “Water quality assessment of river Hindon at Ghaziabad, India: impact of industrial and urban wastewater,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 103–112, 2010.
[13]	MPCA, “Low Dissolved Oxygen in Water Causes, Impact on Aquatic Life - An Overview,” no. February 2009.
[14]	P. R. Kannel and S. Lee, “Application of Water Quality Indices and Dissolved Oxygen as Indicators for River Water Classification and Urban Impact Assessment,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 132, pp. 93–110, 2007.
[15]	C. C. Hach, L. K. J. Robert, and C. R. Gibbs, Introduction to Biochemical Oxygen Demand, no. 7. 1997.
[16]	K. Manoj and P. Avinash, “A review of permissible limits of drinking water,” Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2012.
[17]	A. A. Bordalo, R. Onrassami, and C. Dechsakulwatana, “Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in tropical estuarine waters (Bangpakong River, Thailand),” J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 93, pp. 864–871, 2002.

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APA Style

Owhonda Ihunwo, Ekpendu Chisom, Mmedorenyin Okon, Okoroafor Isaiah, Charles Obunwo, et al. (2018). Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 4(4), 110-114. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13

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ACS Style

Owhonda Ihunwo; Ekpendu Chisom; Mmedorenyin Okon; Okoroafor Isaiah; Charles Obunwo, et al. Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2018, 4(4), 110-114. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13

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AMA Style

Owhonda Ihunwo, Ekpendu Chisom, Mmedorenyin Okon, Okoroafor Isaiah, Charles Obunwo, et al. Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta. Front Environ Microbiol. 2018;4(4):110-114. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13

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@article{10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13,
  author = {Owhonda Ihunwo and Ekpendu Chisom and Mmedorenyin Okon and Okoroafor Isaiah and Charles Obunwo and Chinedu Mmom},
  title = {Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {110-114},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20180404.13},
  abstract = {Urban effluent polluted with sewage is a major source of pollution in developing countries, yet it is a line of study that is not properly explored. In this research, a river under influence from urban effluent was studied for four months, i.e. two seasons (dry season: February and March, wet season: April and May. Four sites along the river were identified for weekly sampling, with a distance from the start of the river as follows; site 1-100m, site 2-300m, site 3- 500m and site 4- 1000m. In situ measurements of salinity were collected weekly. Samples were analysed for Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, phosphate and nitrate. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB) and Faecal Coliform Bacteria (FCB) were also measured in water samples collected. These parameters were selected to access the activities of the microbial community in the water because of wastewater from the surrounding urban settlement on the watershed temporally and spatially. Results showed that the parameters studied changed in season and along the river. The dry season had significantly higher concentrations of parameters studied when compared to the wet seasons. Results also confirmed that the study river is polluted due to the urban effluent. This confirmation was attributed to the values of THB, TCB and FCB which were substantially high and varied from dry to wet season in the river.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta
AU - Owhonda Ihunwo
AU - Ekpendu Chisom
AU - Mmedorenyin Okon
AU - Okoroafor Isaiah
AU - Charles Obunwo
AU - Chinedu Mmom
Y1 - 2018/10/23
PY - 2018
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13
DO - 10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13
T2 - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JF - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JO - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
SP - 110
EP - 114
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2469-8067
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13
AB - Urban effluent polluted with sewage is a major source of pollution in developing countries, yet it is a line of study that is not properly explored. In this research, a river under influence from urban effluent was studied for four months, i.e. two seasons (dry season: February and March, wet season: April and May. Four sites along the river were identified for weekly sampling, with a distance from the start of the river as follows; site 1-100m, site 2-300m, site 3- 500m and site 4- 1000m. In situ measurements of salinity were collected weekly. Samples were analysed for Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, phosphate and nitrate. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB) and Faecal Coliform Bacteria (FCB) were also measured in water samples collected. These parameters were selected to access the activities of the microbial community in the water because of wastewater from the surrounding urban settlement on the watershed temporally and spatially. Results showed that the parameters studied changed in season and along the river. The dry season had significantly higher concentrations of parameters studied when compared to the wet seasons. Results also confirmed that the study river is polluted due to the urban effluent. This confirmation was attributed to the values of THB, TCB and FCB which were substantially high and varied from dry to wet season in the river.
VL - 4
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Owhonda Ihunwo

Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Ekpendu Chisom

Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Mmedorenyin Okon

Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Okoroafor Isaiah

Department of Chemical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Charles Obunwo

Department of Chemical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Chinedu Mmom

Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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APA Style

Owhonda Ihunwo, Ekpendu Chisom, Mmedorenyin Okon, Okoroafor Isaiah, Charles Obunwo, et al. (2018). Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 4(4), 110-114. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13

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ACS Style

Owhonda Ihunwo; Ekpendu Chisom; Mmedorenyin Okon; Okoroafor Isaiah; Charles Obunwo, et al. Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2018, 4(4), 110-114. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13

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AMA Style

Owhonda Ihunwo, Ekpendu Chisom, Mmedorenyin Okon, Okoroafor Isaiah, Charles Obunwo, et al. Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta. Front Environ Microbiol. 2018;4(4):110-114. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13

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@article{10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13,
  author = {Owhonda Ihunwo and Ekpendu Chisom and Mmedorenyin Okon and Okoroafor Isaiah and Charles Obunwo and Chinedu Mmom},
  title = {Effect of Urban Effluent on River Water Quality in the Niger Delta},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {110-114},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20180404.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20180404.13},
  abstract = {Urban effluent polluted with sewage is a major source of pollution in developing countries, yet it is a line of study that is not properly explored. In this research, a river under influence from urban effluent was studied for four months, i.e. two seasons (dry season: February and March, wet season: April and May. Four sites along the river were identified for weekly sampling, with a distance from the start of the river as follows; site 1-100m, site 2-300m, site 3- 500m and site 4- 1000m. In situ measurements of salinity were collected weekly. Samples were analysed for Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, phosphate and nitrate. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB) and Faecal Coliform Bacteria (FCB) were also measured in water samples collected. These parameters were selected to access the activities of the microbial community in the water because of wastewater from the surrounding urban settlement on the watershed temporally and spatially. Results showed that the parameters studied changed in season and along the river. The dry season had significantly higher concentrations of parameters studied when compared to the wet seasons. Results also confirmed that the study river is polluted due to the urban effluent. This confirmation was attributed to the values of THB, TCB and FCB which were substantially high and varied from dry to wet season in the river.},
 year = {2018}
}

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