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Vitamin D Supplementation for Pregnant Women in Bulgaria

Received: 30 June 2020     Accepted: 22 July 2020     Published: 18 August 2020
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Abstract

The aim: of our study was to evaluate the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25 (OH) D] in pregnant Bulgarian women with and without vitamin D supplementation. Material and methods: We investigated 547 pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30±5 years, median 30 (18-47). All pregnant women filled in a specially designed standard questionnaire. The cohort consisted of 547 unselected pregnant women, 278/547 (50.82%) taking vitamins at the time of the investigation, as a monotherapy or in combination with other medications. We introduced four category level of vitamin D: Severe deficiency: < 10 ng / ml; Moderate deficiency: 10 - 20 ng / ml; Insufficiency: 20 - 30 ng / ml; Sufficiency: > 30 ng / ml. The peripheral levels of 25(OH)D were investigated using a standard Electro Chemyluminescence Immuno Assay (Competition principle) in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. Results: For the whole group (547 pregnant women), the mean 25(OH)D level was 25.86±9.46 ng / ml; median 24.51 (7.96 - 70.00), corresponding to mild insufficiency. Sufficient vitamin D (≥ 30 ng / ml) had a significantly higher percentage of pregnant women supplemented with vitamin D compared to the non-supplementеd group - 87 (31.29%) versus 61 (22.68%), P < 0.05. At the same time, vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/ml) was significantly higher in pregnant women without supplementation with vitamin D - 86 (31.98%) versus those with supplementation - 61 (21.94%), P < 0.01. In conclusion: the levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the intake of combined vitamin supplements by approximately half of the studied women during the pregnancy.

Published in European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14
Page(s) 56-60
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vitamin D, Pregnancy, Vitamin Supplementation

References
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[3] Kiely M. E, Wagner C. L, Roth D. E. (2020). Vitamin D in pregnancy: Where we are and where we should go. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Volume 201, 105669.
[4] Lambert PW, Stern PH, Avioli RC, Brackett NC, Turner RT, Greene A. (1982). Evidence for extrarenal production of 1a, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in man. J Clin Invest. 69: 722–725. doi: 10.1172/JCI110501.
[5] Zehnder D, Bland R, Williams MC, McNinch RW, Howie AJ, Stewart PM, et al. (2001). Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1a-hydroxylase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86: 888–894. doi: 10.1210/jc.86.2.888.
[6] Tamblyn JA, Hewison M, Wagner CL, Bulmer JN, Kilby MD. (2015). Immunological role of vitamin D at the maternal–fetal interface. J Endocrinol. 224: R114–117.
[7] Guideline: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women. Geneva: World Health Organization (2012). http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/vit_d_supp_pregnant_women/en/.
[8] Gallo S, McDermid JM, Al-Nimr RI, Hakeem R, Moreschi JM, Pari-Keener M, Stahnke, B, Papoutsakis C, Handu D, Cheng FW. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation during Pregnancy: An Evidence Analysis Center Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet. May; 120 (5): 898-924.
[9] Brustad N, Garland J, Thorsen J, Sevelsted A, Krakauer M, Vinding RK, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Chawes BL. (2020). Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy on Bone Mineralization in Offspring Until Age 6 Years: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Double-Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. Feb 24; 174 (5): 1-9.
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[13] Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM. (2011). Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 96 (7): 1911-1930.
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  • APA Style

    Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Mihailova, Mircho Vukov. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation for Pregnant Women in Bulgaria. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8(4), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14

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    ACS Style

    Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Mihailova; Mircho Vukov. Vitamin D Supplementation for Pregnant Women in Bulgaria. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2020, 8(4), 56-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14

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    AMA Style

    Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Mihailova, Mircho Vukov. Vitamin D Supplementation for Pregnant Women in Bulgaria. Eur J Prev Med. 2020;8(4):56-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14,
      author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Eugenia Mihailova and Mircho Vukov},
      title = {Vitamin D Supplementation for Pregnant Women in Bulgaria},
      journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
      volume = {8},
      number = {4},
      pages = {56-60},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20200804.14},
      abstract = {The aim: of our study was to evaluate the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25 (OH) D] in pregnant Bulgarian women with and without vitamin D supplementation. Material and methods: We investigated 547 pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30±5 years, median 30 (18-47). All pregnant women filled in a specially designed standard questionnaire. The cohort consisted of 547 unselected pregnant women, 278/547 (50.82%) taking vitamins at the time of the investigation, as a monotherapy or in combination with other medications. We introduced four category level of vitamin D: Severe deficiency:  30 ng / ml. The peripheral levels of 25(OH)D were investigated using a standard Electro Chemyluminescence Immuno Assay (Competition principle) in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. Results: For the whole group (547 pregnant women), the mean 25(OH)D level was 25.86±9.46 ng / ml; median 24.51 (7.96 - 70.00), corresponding to mild insufficiency. Sufficient vitamin D (≥ 30 ng / ml) had a significantly higher percentage of pregnant women supplemented with vitamin D compared to the non-supplementеd group - 87 (31.29%) versus 61 (22.68%), P In conclusion: the levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the intake of combined vitamin supplements by approximately half of the studied women during the pregnancy.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Vitamin D Supplementation for Pregnant Women in Bulgaria
    AU  - Anna-Maria Borissovа
    AU  - Boyana Trifonova
    AU  - Lilia Dakovska
    AU  - Eugenia Mihailova
    AU  - Mircho Vukov
    Y1  - 2020/08/18
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14
    T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
    JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
    JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
    SP  - 56
    EP  - 60
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8230
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20200804.14
    AB  - The aim: of our study was to evaluate the levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25 (OH) D] in pregnant Bulgarian women with and without vitamin D supplementation. Material and methods: We investigated 547 pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30±5 years, median 30 (18-47). All pregnant women filled in a specially designed standard questionnaire. The cohort consisted of 547 unselected pregnant women, 278/547 (50.82%) taking vitamins at the time of the investigation, as a monotherapy or in combination with other medications. We introduced four category level of vitamin D: Severe deficiency:  30 ng / ml. The peripheral levels of 25(OH)D were investigated using a standard Electro Chemyluminescence Immuno Assay (Competition principle) in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. Results: For the whole group (547 pregnant women), the mean 25(OH)D level was 25.86±9.46 ng / ml; median 24.51 (7.96 - 70.00), corresponding to mild insufficiency. Sufficient vitamin D (≥ 30 ng / ml) had a significantly higher percentage of pregnant women supplemented with vitamin D compared to the non-supplementеd group - 87 (31.29%) versus 61 (22.68%), P In conclusion: the levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the intake of combined vitamin supplements by approximately half of the studied women during the pregnancy.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

  • Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

  • Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

  • Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

  • Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

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