| Peer-Reviewed

Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Received: 18 January 2021     Accepted: 6 February 2021     Published: 4 March 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Background and Aim: In limited resource settings, reliable epidemiological data generated from hypertension high risk geographical areas or people is a prerequisite for the planning of proven and effective interventions. The aim of the present survey was to assess the prevalence, awareness, control and factors associated with hypertension in adults living in the port City of Boma, located in the southwestern part of DRC. Methods: a cross-sectional survey using a modified WHO STEP wise questionnaire for data collection during face-to face interviews was conducted from March, 1 to April 15, 2018. We did multi-stage cluster sampling. Was an all-inclusive adult over the age of≥18 years having given informed consent. Information on demographic parameters, lifestyles, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (BP) were obtained. Hypertension was defined as a mean of two BP≥140/90 mmHg or a self-reported history of antihypertensive drug use. Independent factors associated with hypertension were identified using logistic pressure analysis. P<0.05 defined level of statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 35% (Women 63, 5%) with 56,1% of hypertensive participants being unaware of their hypertension status. Of those who were aware and on treatment, only 47, 9% had a controlled BP. Older age (p<0.001), FH-HT (p=0.021), smoking (p<0.001), overweight (p<0.001), and obesity (p=0.030) emerged as main cardiovascular risk factors associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension was characterized by a high prevalence, low rate of awareness and suboptimal BP control, high cardiovascular risk and associated with smoking and obesity as modifiable risk factors. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment are needed for those hypertensive participants with increased global cardiovascular risk.

Published in European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13
Page(s) 12-20
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hypertension, Prevalence, Awareness, Control, Associated Factors, Black Africans

References
[1] Cooper RS, Amoah AG, Mensah GA. High blood pressure: the foundation for epidemic cardiovascular disease in African populations. Ethn Dis 2003; 13 (2 Suppl. 2): S48-52.
[2] Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9455): 217–23.
[3] Ataklte F, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Taye B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Burden of undiagnosed hypertension in sub-Saharan AfricaNovelty and significance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2015; 65 (2): 291–8.
[4] Ibrahim MM, Damasceno A. Hypertension in developing countries. Lancet. 2012; 380 (9841): 611–9.
[5] Nicole Abel N, Krysta Contino K, Navjot Jain N, Navjot Grewal, Elizabeth Grand, Iris Hagans, et al. Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC-8) Guidelines and the Outpatient Management of Hypertension in the African-American Population. N Am J Med Sci. 2015 Oct; 7 (10): 438–445.
[6] World Health Organization. The STEPS Instrument and Support Materials. Available from: http://www.who.int/chp/steps/instrument/en/[Accessed November 20, 2016].
[7] Bayauli MP, M’Buyamba-Kayama JR, Ngoyi NG, Lepira FB, Kayembe KP, Lemogoum D, et al. Trends in prevalence of obesity and hypertension in an urban Congolese community. Journal Epidemiological Research 2018; 4 (1): 33-40.
[8] Katchunga PB, Mirindi P, Baleke P, Ntaburhe T, Twagirumukiza M, M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR. The trend in blood pressure and hypertension prevalence in the general population of South Kivu between 2012 and 2016: Results from two representative cross-sectional surveys— The Bukavu observational study. PLoS ONE 14 (8): e0219377. https: //doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0219377.
[9] Kianu B, Mpembele E, Kintoki EV, Makulo JR, Kiazayawoko FZ, Manyebwa KJDD, et al. Rates of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Congolese South West Port City. The influence of gender according to groups. Global Journal of Medical Research 2015; 15 (1): 1-8.
[10] Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal 2018; 39 (33): 3021-104.
[11] Report of the Expert Committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl 1): S5–20.13
[12] Mohsen Gadallah, Soad Abdel, Amira Mohsen and Sahar Kandil. Hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors among urban slum dwellers in Egypt: a population-based survey. East Mediterr Health J. 2018; 24 (5): 435-442.
[13] World Health Organization. “Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)”. Geneva, Switzerland.
[14] World Health Organization (WHO). The problem of overweight and obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report Series 894; Geneva, WHO, 2000: 537
[15] Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw. Metabolic syndrome – a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. J Diabetes Med 2006; 5 (5): 469–480. doi: 10.1111/j.14645491.2006.01858.x.
[16] Browning L, Hsieh S, Ashwell M. A Systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0,5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev 2010; 23: 247-69
[17] Takeshi K, laria P, Maufroy N, Jean philippe D, Isabelle M Fakher N, et al. arterial hypertension and arterial pulse. Mt cardio. 2006; 2 (5): 493-501.
[18] Orth SR, Stockmann A, Conradt C, Ritz E, Ferro M, Kreusser W and al. Smoking as a risk factor for end-stage renal failure in men with primary renal disease. Kidney Int. 2008; 54: 926-31.
[19] “2013-2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)”. Ministry of Heath and Ministry of Planification, preliminary May (2014).
[20] Nansseu JR, Kameni BS, Assah FK, Bigna JJ, Petnga SJ, et al. Prevalence of major cardiovascular disease risk factors among a group of sub-Saharan African young adults: a population-based cross-sectional study in Yaoundé, Cameroon. BMJ Open. 2019 Oct 7; 9 (10): e029858. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029858.
[21] Kimbally E, Gombet T, Bolanda JD, Woumbo Y, Okili B, Ellenga MB, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in Brazzaville. 2006, 32: 43-6.
[22] Nuwaha F, Musinguzi G. Pre-hypertension in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013 Nov 14; 13: 101. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-101.
[23] Irazola EZ. Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Selected Communities of Nine Low- and Middle Income Countries: Results From the NHLBI/UHG Network of Centers of Excellence for Chronic Diseases. Glob Heart. 2016 March; 11 (1): 47–59. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2015.12.008.
[24] Pedro JM, Brito M, Barros H. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia among adults in Dande municipality, Angola. Carduiovasc J Afr 2018; 29 (2); 73-81.
[25] Damasceno A, Azevedo A, Silva MC, Prista A, Diogo D, Lunet N. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Mozambique. Am Heart Assoc J 2009; 54: 77-83.
[26] Owiredu EW, Dontoh E, Essuman, Bazanfara BB. Demographic and Lifestyle Predictors of Prehypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study among Apparently Healthy Adults in Kumasi, Ghana. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Apr 23; 2019: 1764079. doi: 10.1155/2019/1764079. eCollection 2019.
[27] Guwatudde D, Nankya-Mutyoba J, Kalyesubula R, Laurence C, Adebamowo C, Ajayi IO. The burden of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a four-country cross sectional study. BMC Public Health (2015) 15: 1211 DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2546-z.
[28] Hendricks ME, Wit FW, Brewster LM, Akande TM. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities. Plos One 2012; 7: 32638-48.
[29] Balde M, Blade NM, Kaba ML, Diallo I, Diallo MM, Kake A, and al. Hypertension: epidemiology andmetabolic abnormalities in Foutah-Djallon in Guinea. Mali Med. 2006; 21 (3): 19-22.
[30] Seck SM, Ndiaye A, Thiam I, Gueye L. Prevalence of hypertension and its impact on health’s perception of rural populations: cross-sectional study in the Northern region of Senegal. CVJA 2014; 1: 627-34.
[31] Steyn NP, Mchiza ZJ. Obesity and the nutrition transition in sub- Saharan Africa. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2014; 1311: 88–101.
[32] M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Staessen J, Ditu MS. Epidemiological study of blood pressure and hypertension in a sample of urban Bantu of Zaïre. Journal of Hypertension. 1986; 4: 485-91.
[33] Ifeoma Ulasi II, Ijoma CK, Onyumbere BJC, Arodiwe E, Onodugo O. High prevalence and low awareness of hypertension in a market population in Enugu, Nigeria. Int J Hypertens 2011; 26: 34-39.
[34] Odugbemi et al; Odugbemi TO, Onajole AT, Osibogun AO. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among traders in an urban market in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J 2012; 19: 1-6.
[35] El Bakkay S, Bour A. Obesity and Hypertension among childbearing women in Morocco [Article in french]. Anthropo 2016; 36: 57-66.
[36] Cherif A, Bouafia M. Hypertension characteristics among postmenopausal women at the district of Blida [Article in French]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol 2016 June; 65 (3): 146-151.
[37] M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Fagard R, Staessen J. Blood pressure in Bantu of zaire: Epidemiological aspects. Tropical Cardiology 1987; 13: 113-120.
[38] Prashant K, Dalsone K, Tamara DC, Jane K, Elvin HG, Vivek J, et al. Epidemiology and awareness of hypertension in a rural Uganda community: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1151-61.
[39] James K, Rhoda KW, Achilles K, Eli L, Fred N. Hypertension awareness, treatment and control in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2013; 13: 54-65.
[40] M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Anisiuba BC, Ndiaye MB, Lemogoum D, Jacobs L, Ijoma CK, et al. Efficacy of newer versus older antihypertensive drugs in black patients living in sub-Saharan Africa. J Hypertens 2013; 27, 729–735.
[41] Redón J, Coca A, Lázaro P, Aguilar MD, Cabañas M, Gil N, et al. Factors associated with treatment inertia in hypertension: Validation of a predictive model. (Article in french). J Hypertens. 2010 Aug; 28 (8): 1770-7.
[42] Nehme A, Zibara K. Efficiency and specificity of RAAS inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases: how to achieve better end-organ protection? Hypertens Res. 2017 Nov; 40 (11): 903-909. doi: 10.1038/hr.2017.65. Epub 2017 Jul 6.
[43] Plante, G. E. Impact of Aging on the Body’s Vascular System. Metabolism 2003; 52, 31-35.
[44] Ramos R, Marrugat J, Basagaña X, Sala J, Masiá R, Elosua R; REGICOR Investigators. The role of age in cardiovascular risk factor clustering in non-diabetic population free of coronary heart disease. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004; 19 (4): 299-304.
[45] Nadkarni GN, Galarneau G, Ellis SB, Nadukuru R, Zhang J, Scott SA, et al. Apolipoprotein L1 Variants and Blood Pressure Traits in African Americans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Mar 28; 69 (12): 1564–1574. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.040.
[46] Sumaili EK, Shemer R, Kruzel-Davila E, Cohen EP, Mutantu PN, Bukabau JB et al. G1is the major APOL 1 risk allele for hypertension-attributed nephropathy in Central Africa. Africa. Clin Kidney J. 2018; 12 (2): 188-195.
[47] Virdis A, Giannarelli C, Neves MF, Taddei S, Ghiadoni L. Cigarette smoking and hypertension. Curr Pharm Des. 2010; 16 (23): 2518-25.
[48] Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L. Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities--the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 8; 334 (6): 374-81.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Blaise Makoso Nimi, Francois Lepira Bompeka, Benjamin Longo Mbenza, Carine Nkembi Nzuzi, Gédeon Longo Longo, et al. (2021). Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo. European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, 7(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Blaise Makoso Nimi; Francois Lepira Bompeka; Benjamin Longo Mbenza; Carine Nkembi Nzuzi; Gédeon Longo Longo, et al. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Eur. J. Clin. Biomed. Sci. 2021, 7(1), 12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Blaise Makoso Nimi, Francois Lepira Bompeka, Benjamin Longo Mbenza, Carine Nkembi Nzuzi, Gédeon Longo Longo, et al. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Eur J Clin Biomed Sci. 2021;7(1):12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13,
      author = {Blaise Makoso Nimi and Francois Lepira Bompeka and Benjamin Longo Mbenza and Carine Nkembi Nzuzi and Gédeon Longo Longo and Aliocha Nkodila and Roland Vangu Vangu and Memoria Makoso Nimi and Jean Pierre Mvuezolo Ndenga and Bienvenu Nkongo and Jean Paul Nkambu Nlandu and Deo Tagize and Antoinette Ndele Nzita and Michel Lutete Nkelani and Jean René M’Buyamba-Kabangu},
      title = {Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo},
      journal = {European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences},
      volume = {7},
      number = {1},
      pages = {12-20},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejcbs.20210701.13},
      abstract = {Background and Aim: In limited resource settings, reliable epidemiological data generated from hypertension high risk geographical areas or people is a prerequisite for the planning of proven and effective interventions. The aim of the present survey was to assess the prevalence, awareness, control and factors associated with hypertension in adults living in the port City of Boma, located in the southwestern part of DRC. Methods: a cross-sectional survey using a modified WHO STEP wise questionnaire for data collection during face-to face interviews was conducted from March, 1 to April 15, 2018. We did multi-stage cluster sampling. Was an all-inclusive adult over the age of≥18 years having given informed consent. Information on demographic parameters, lifestyles, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (BP) were obtained. Hypertension was defined as a mean of two BP≥140/90 mmHg or a self-reported history of antihypertensive drug use. Independent factors associated with hypertension were identified using logistic pressure analysis. P<0.05 defined level of statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 35% (Women 63, 5%) with 56,1% of hypertensive participants being unaware of their hypertension status. Of those who were aware and on treatment, only 47, 9% had a controlled BP. Older age (p<0.001), FH-HT (p=0.021), smoking (p<0.001), overweight (p<0.001), and obesity (p=0.030) emerged as main cardiovascular risk factors associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension was characterized by a high prevalence, low rate of awareness and suboptimal BP control, high cardiovascular risk and associated with smoking and obesity as modifiable risk factors. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment are needed for those hypertensive participants with increased global cardiovascular risk.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
    AU  - Blaise Makoso Nimi
    AU  - Francois Lepira Bompeka
    AU  - Benjamin Longo Mbenza
    AU  - Carine Nkembi Nzuzi
    AU  - Gédeon Longo Longo
    AU  - Aliocha Nkodila
    AU  - Roland Vangu Vangu
    AU  - Memoria Makoso Nimi
    AU  - Jean Pierre Mvuezolo Ndenga
    AU  - Bienvenu Nkongo
    AU  - Jean Paul Nkambu Nlandu
    AU  - Deo Tagize
    AU  - Antoinette Ndele Nzita
    AU  - Michel Lutete Nkelani
    AU  - Jean René M’Buyamba-Kabangu
    Y1  - 2021/03/04
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13
    T2  - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences
    JF  - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences
    JO  - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences
    SP  - 12
    EP  - 20
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5005
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210701.13
    AB  - Background and Aim: In limited resource settings, reliable epidemiological data generated from hypertension high risk geographical areas or people is a prerequisite for the planning of proven and effective interventions. The aim of the present survey was to assess the prevalence, awareness, control and factors associated with hypertension in adults living in the port City of Boma, located in the southwestern part of DRC. Methods: a cross-sectional survey using a modified WHO STEP wise questionnaire for data collection during face-to face interviews was conducted from March, 1 to April 15, 2018. We did multi-stage cluster sampling. Was an all-inclusive adult over the age of≥18 years having given informed consent. Information on demographic parameters, lifestyles, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (BP) were obtained. Hypertension was defined as a mean of two BP≥140/90 mmHg or a self-reported history of antihypertensive drug use. Independent factors associated with hypertension were identified using logistic pressure analysis. P<0.05 defined level of statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 35% (Women 63, 5%) with 56,1% of hypertensive participants being unaware of their hypertension status. Of those who were aware and on treatment, only 47, 9% had a controlled BP. Older age (p<0.001), FH-HT (p=0.021), smoking (p<0.001), overweight (p<0.001), and obesity (p=0.030) emerged as main cardiovascular risk factors associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension was characterized by a high prevalence, low rate of awareness and suboptimal BP control, high cardiovascular risk and associated with smoking and obesity as modifiable risk factors. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment are needed for those hypertensive participants with increased global cardiovascular risk.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of President Joseph KASA-VUBU, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Public Health, Lomo-University Reseach, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Gynecology and Obstetric, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of President Joseph KASA-VUBU, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of President Joseph KASA-VUBU, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of President Joseph KASA-VUBU, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of President Joseph KASA-VUBU, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of President Joseph KASA-VUBU, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of President Joseph KASA-VUBU, Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Sections