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Socio-economic Determinants of School Attendance of Punjab, Pakistan

Published in Economics (Volume 9, Issue 1)
Received: 27 November 2019     Accepted: 20 January 2020     Published: 18 February 2020
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Abstract

Primary education is a key indicator of social and economic development. Since independence 1947, Pakistan has been facing the issue of low attendance rate at primary level. Pakistan has been working with international organizations like UNICEF for many years but unable to achieve the goal of universal primary education. Therefore, the present study focuses on this issue, and investigate the socio-economic determinants of school attendance of primary aged children (5-9 years) at Punjab. For this purpose, the study used MICS (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey) 2014 as a data set, conducted by Punjab Bureau of Statistics with the selected sample of 31,466 children. The results of descriptive analysis suggest that children in general and girls in particular of Punjab are deprived of their basic right of education. For the regression analysis, Logistic Models are constructed for Punjab. The results of Logistic Model suggest that gender of child, area of residence, wealth quintiles, mother education, father education, gender of household head, age of a child and household size determine the school attendance. As compared to the other factors, the impact of household wealth (wealth quintiles) is found greater in this study. It suggests that large socioeconomic disparities exist in Punjab. Lastly, the study recommends some policies to increase school attendance that can ensure more educational budget for deprived areas in terms of school attendance, and how to utilize its educational budget e.g. incentives to poor households in the form of conditional cash transfers. However, Pakistan must spend standard 4 percent of its GDP on education for the enhancement of human capital in the long run.

Published in Economics (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12
Page(s) 8-16
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Primary Education, School Attendance, Logistic Regression

References
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[2] Alaan, A. (2014). Pakistan District Education Rankings. Islamabad: Alif Alaan. Retrieved from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/alifailaan/pages/1157/attachments/original/1451652605/District_Ranking_Report_Binded_-_comp.compressed.pdf?1451652605
[3] Azid, T., & Ejaz, R. A. (2010, May). Who Are The Children Going To School in Urban Punjab (Pakistan)? International Joural of Social Economics, 37 (6), 442-465.
[4] Ahmed, H., Amjad, S., Habib, M., & Shah, S. A. (2013). Determinants of School Choice Evidence From Rural Punjab, Pakistan. Centre for Research in Economics and Business Lahore School of Economics Working Paper No. 01-13.
[5] Bacolod, M. P., & Ranjan, P. (2008, July). Why Children Work, Attend School, or Stay Idle: The Roles of Ability and Household Wealth. Economic Development And Cultural Change,, 56 (4), 791-828.
[6] Becker, G. S. (1968). Human Capital: A theoretical and Empirical Analysis with special Reference to Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
[7] Becker, G. S. (1981). A Treatise on the Family. London, England: Harvard University Press Combridge. Retrieved from https://brunofvieira.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/gary-becker-a-treatise-on-the-family.pdf
[8] Chaudhury, N., Christiaensen, L., & Asadullah, M. N. (2006). Schools, Household, Risk and Gender: Determinants of Schooling in Ethiopia. CSAE WPS.
[9] Escudera, W. S., & Marchionni, M. (1999). Household Structure, Gender, and the Economic Determinants Attendance in Argentina. The World Bank.
[10] Hattori, H. (2014). Demographic and socioeconomic determinants of school attendance. UNICEF, 1-14.
[11] Jayachandran, U. (2002, June). Socio-Economic Determinants of School Attendance in India. Centre For Development Economics Working Paper No. 103.
[12] Kazeem, A., Jensen, L., & Stokes, C. S. (2010, may). School Attendance in Nigeria: understanding the impact and intersection of gender, urban-rural residence, and socioeconomic Sstatus. University of Chicago press journals, 54 (2), 295-319.
[13] Khan, E. A., & Ali, K. (2003). Determinants of Schooling in Rural Areas of Punjab. The Lahore Joural of Economics, 8 (2), 99-122.
[14] Khan, Jahangir, Muhammad. (2019). School Quality and Parental Schooling Decisions for Their Children: Public and Private Schools in Rural Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 58: 2, 177-202.
[15] Maitra, P., & Rajan, R. (2002). The Joint Estimation of Child Particiption in Schooling and Employment: Comparative Evidence From Three Continents. Oxford Development Studies, 30 (1), 41-62.
[16] Ministry of Finance, Pakistan. (2015-16). Economic survey of pakistan. Ministry of Finance, Pakistan.
[17] Mahmood, T., Saqib, N. U., & Qasim, M. A. (2017). Parental Effects on Primary School Enrolment under Different Types of Household Headship: Evidence from Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 56: 3, 249-264.
[18] NEMIS, AEPAM, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan (2017, February). Pakistan Education Statistics 2015-2016.
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[22] Punjab Bureau of Statistic. (2011). Punjab Development Statistic. Lahore: Punjab Bureau of Statistic.
[23] Roby, J. L., Erickson, L., & Nagaishi, C. (2016, March). Education for Chidren in Sub-Saharan Africa: Predictors implacting School Attendance. Children and Youth Services Review.
[24] Sackey, H. A. (2007). The Determinants of School Attendence and Attainment In Ghana: a Gender Perspective. African Economics Research Consortium (173).
[25] Saasa, K. Sherinah. (2018). Education among Zambian children: linking head of household characteristics to school attendance, Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1-7.
[26] UNICEF. (2005, April). Levels, Trends And Determinants of Primary School Particiption And Gender Parity. UNICEF STRATEGIC INFORMATION Working paper.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Daud Rafique, Suleman Shaukat, Sajid Rasul, Zahid Ahmed, Isaac Shahzad, et al. (2020). Socio-economic Determinants of School Attendance of Punjab, Pakistan. Economics, 9(1), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12

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    ACS Style

    Daud Rafique; Suleman Shaukat; Sajid Rasul; Zahid Ahmed; Isaac Shahzad, et al. Socio-economic Determinants of School Attendance of Punjab, Pakistan. Economics. 2020, 9(1), 8-16. doi: 10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12

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    AMA Style

    Daud Rafique, Suleman Shaukat, Sajid Rasul, Zahid Ahmed, Isaac Shahzad, et al. Socio-economic Determinants of School Attendance of Punjab, Pakistan. Economics. 2020;9(1):8-16. doi: 10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12,
      author = {Daud Rafique and Suleman Shaukat and Sajid Rasul and Zahid Ahmed and Isaac Shahzad and Muhammad Ali Bhatti},
      title = {Socio-economic Determinants of School Attendance of Punjab, Pakistan},
      journal = {Economics},
      volume = {9},
      number = {1},
      pages = {8-16},
      doi = {10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.eco.20200901.12},
      abstract = {Primary education is a key indicator of social and economic development. Since independence 1947, Pakistan has been facing the issue of low attendance rate at primary level. Pakistan has been working with international organizations like UNICEF for many years but unable to achieve the goal of universal primary education. Therefore, the present study focuses on this issue, and investigate the socio-economic determinants of school attendance of primary aged children (5-9 years) at Punjab. For this purpose, the study used MICS (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey) 2014 as a data set, conducted by Punjab Bureau of Statistics with the selected sample of 31,466 children. The results of descriptive analysis suggest that children in general and girls in particular of Punjab are deprived of their basic right of education. For the regression analysis, Logistic Models are constructed for Punjab. The results of Logistic Model suggest that gender of child, area of residence, wealth quintiles, mother education, father education, gender of household head, age of a child and household size determine the school attendance. As compared to the other factors, the impact of household wealth (wealth quintiles) is found greater in this study. It suggests that large socioeconomic disparities exist in Punjab. Lastly, the study recommends some policies to increase school attendance that can ensure more educational budget for deprived areas in terms of school attendance, and how to utilize its educational budget e.g. incentives to poor households in the form of conditional cash transfers. However, Pakistan must spend standard 4 percent of its GDP on education for the enhancement of human capital in the long run.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Socio-economic Determinants of School Attendance of Punjab, Pakistan
    AU  - Daud Rafique
    AU  - Suleman Shaukat
    AU  - Sajid Rasul
    AU  - Zahid Ahmed
    AU  - Isaac Shahzad
    AU  - Muhammad Ali Bhatti
    Y1  - 2020/02/18
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12
    T2  - Economics
    JF  - Economics
    JO  - Economics
    SP  - 8
    EP  - 16
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2376-6603
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eco.20200901.12
    AB  - Primary education is a key indicator of social and economic development. Since independence 1947, Pakistan has been facing the issue of low attendance rate at primary level. Pakistan has been working with international organizations like UNICEF for many years but unable to achieve the goal of universal primary education. Therefore, the present study focuses on this issue, and investigate the socio-economic determinants of school attendance of primary aged children (5-9 years) at Punjab. For this purpose, the study used MICS (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey) 2014 as a data set, conducted by Punjab Bureau of Statistics with the selected sample of 31,466 children. The results of descriptive analysis suggest that children in general and girls in particular of Punjab are deprived of their basic right of education. For the regression analysis, Logistic Models are constructed for Punjab. The results of Logistic Model suggest that gender of child, area of residence, wealth quintiles, mother education, father education, gender of household head, age of a child and household size determine the school attendance. As compared to the other factors, the impact of household wealth (wealth quintiles) is found greater in this study. It suggests that large socioeconomic disparities exist in Punjab. Lastly, the study recommends some policies to increase school attendance that can ensure more educational budget for deprived areas in terms of school attendance, and how to utilize its educational budget e.g. incentives to poor households in the form of conditional cash transfers. However, Pakistan must spend standard 4 percent of its GDP on education for the enhancement of human capital in the long run.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Economics, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan

  • Department of Economics, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan

  • Bureau of Statistics, Punjab, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

  • School of Accounting & Finance, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

  • Bureau of Statistics, Punjab, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

  • Department of Economics, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan

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