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Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra

Received: 10 May 2023     Accepted: 29 May 2023     Published: 31 July 2023
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Abstract

For the past seven decades, researchers of natural environmental hazards have been trying to find answers to fundamental questions answers to which will lead to a better understanding of the characteristics, impacts, and responses to hazards. This has led to the development of five fundamental principles of natural hazards as discussed in the literature. Research on the fundamental principles of natural environmental hazards is far from being described as rudimentary with a vast amount of literature to warrant this claim. However, the so-called principles of natural hazards are being discussed in the literature in isolation, without relating them to a particular hazard to facilitate a practical understanding and applicability and this is the gap in the knowledge that this paper seeks to fill. This paper applies the five fundamental principles of natural hazards to help explain tsunamis based on the review of relevant and related literature. The analysis of the findings of the different works in this area shows that all the fundamental principles of natural hazards are applicable in the explanation of the causes, characteristics, impacts, and reducing vulnerability to not only tsunamis but also other related hazards such as earthquakes and floods. These findings highlight the relevance of the use of scientific methods in studying natural hazards as it facilitates a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of natural environmental hazards which will aid in reducing vulnerability to and the impacts of such hazards.

Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14
Page(s) 111-115
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Natural Hazards, Fundamental Principles, Tsunamis, Sumatra, Impacts

References
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[4] Bull-Kamanga, L., Diagne, K., Lavell, A., Leon, E., Lerise, F., MacGregor, H.,... & Yitambe, A. (2003). From everyday hazards to disasters: the accumulation of risk in urban areas. Environment and Urbanization, 15 (1), 193–2004.
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[8] Douglas, M., & Wildavsky, A. (1983). Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technological and environmental dangers. Univ of California Press.
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[14] Robine, J. M., Cheung, S. L. K., Le Roy, S., Van Oyen, H., Griffiths, C., Michel, J. P., & Herrmann, F. R. (2008). (n.d.). Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 331 (2), 171–178.
[15] Shuto, N., Matsutomi, H. Field survey of the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki earthquake tsunami. PAGEOPH 144, 649–663 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874388
[16] Smith, K. (2013). Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge.
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Cite This Article
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    Sule Ayannor Issaka. (2023). Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra. Earth Sciences, 12(4), 111-115. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14

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    ACS Style

    Sule Ayannor Issaka. Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra. Earth Sci. 2023, 12(4), 111-115. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14

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    AMA Style

    Sule Ayannor Issaka. Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra. Earth Sci. 2023;12(4):111-115. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14,
      author = {Sule Ayannor Issaka},
      title = {Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra},
      journal = {Earth Sciences},
      volume = {12},
      number = {4},
      pages = {111-115},
      doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20231204.14},
      abstract = {For the past seven decades, researchers of natural environmental hazards have been trying to find answers to fundamental questions answers to which will lead to a better understanding of the characteristics, impacts, and responses to hazards. This has led to the development of five fundamental principles of natural hazards as discussed in the literature. Research on the fundamental principles of natural environmental hazards is far from being described as rudimentary with a vast amount of literature to warrant this claim. However, the so-called principles of natural hazards are being discussed in the literature in isolation, without relating them to a particular hazard to facilitate a practical understanding and applicability and this is the gap in the knowledge that this paper seeks to fill. This paper applies the five fundamental principles of natural hazards to help explain tsunamis based on the review of relevant and related literature. The analysis of the findings of the different works in this area shows that all the fundamental principles of natural hazards are applicable in the explanation of the causes, characteristics, impacts, and reducing vulnerability to not only tsunamis but also other related hazards such as earthquakes and floods. These findings highlight the relevance of the use of scientific methods in studying natural hazards as it facilitates a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of natural environmental hazards which will aid in reducing vulnerability to and the impacts of such hazards.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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    T1  - Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra
    AU  - Sule Ayannor Issaka
    Y1  - 2023/07/31
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14
    T2  - Earth Sciences
    JF  - Earth Sciences
    JO  - Earth Sciences
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14
    AB  - For the past seven decades, researchers of natural environmental hazards have been trying to find answers to fundamental questions answers to which will lead to a better understanding of the characteristics, impacts, and responses to hazards. This has led to the development of five fundamental principles of natural hazards as discussed in the literature. Research on the fundamental principles of natural environmental hazards is far from being described as rudimentary with a vast amount of literature to warrant this claim. However, the so-called principles of natural hazards are being discussed in the literature in isolation, without relating them to a particular hazard to facilitate a practical understanding and applicability and this is the gap in the knowledge that this paper seeks to fill. This paper applies the five fundamental principles of natural hazards to help explain tsunamis based on the review of relevant and related literature. The analysis of the findings of the different works in this area shows that all the fundamental principles of natural hazards are applicable in the explanation of the causes, characteristics, impacts, and reducing vulnerability to not only tsunamis but also other related hazards such as earthquakes and floods. These findings highlight the relevance of the use of scientific methods in studying natural hazards as it facilitates a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of natural environmental hazards which will aid in reducing vulnerability to and the impacts of such hazards.
    VL  - 12
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Author Information
  • Institute of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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