| Peer-Reviewed

Geological and Geo-electrical Outlining of Graphite Deposits Within Kagara, North-Central Nigeria

Received: 23 April 2022     Accepted: 17 May 2022     Published: 31 May 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The specific locations of graphite exposures in Kagara, their host rocks, as well as their spatial extent and gross volume have hitherto remained unaddressed. This study focused on spatially outlining the deposits and conservatively ascertaining their gross volume, using combined surface geological mapping and geoelectrical surveying techniques. The geoelectrical surveying aspect comprised 1D geoelectrical (electrical resistivity, spontaneous potential, induced polarization) sounding, and 2D geoelectrical (electrical resistivity and induced polarization) tomographic surveying conducted using ABEM Terrameter (SAS 4000). The 1D electrical resistivity data were processed and interpreted using WinResist version1.0 resistivity inversion software. The 2D geoelectrical tomographic data were processed and interpreted using RES2DINV computer program. The rock outcrops found are quartzose - micaceous as well as graphitic schists, amphibolite, quartzite, coarse grained biotite granite, and exposures of graphite bodies. The graphite bodies are hosted within the schist and quartzite. The schist, amphibolite and quartzite rock bodies appear to be lateral metasediment equivalents, and therefore are synchronous. The geoelectrical attributes of the graphite bodies are 2-90 Ωm resistivity value, combined with 1-20 ms induced polarisation and negative spontaneous potential values. The deposits exist within 0.7 – 12 m depth interval, occupy 1470509.0 m2 surface area, and constitute 14705090.0 m3 conservative gross volume. The graphite deposits appear to be sheet like bodies interlaid with the quartzite and schist bodies.

Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 11, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14
Page(s) 79-88
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Graphite Exposures, Spatially Outlining, Geoelectrical Attributes, Surface Area, Conservative Gross Volume

References
[1] Anthony, W. Bideaux, R. A., Bladh, K. W. and Nichols, M. C., (2003). Handbook Of mineralogy (1): elements, sulphides, sulfosalts. Mineral Data Publishing, Tusco, Arizona.
[2] Wissler, M. (2006). Graphite and carbon powder for electrochemical applications. Journal Of power sources, 156, 142-150.
[3] Shaw, S., 2013. Graphite demand and growth: the future of lithium-ion batteries in EVs and HEVs, Proceedings of 37th ECGA General Assembly.
[4] Yoo, H. D., Markevich, E., Salitra, G., Sharon, D. and Aurbach, D (2014). Materials today, 17 (3), 110-120.
[5] Dickson, J. S., 2014. Talga eyes graphene potential. Industrial minerals, 567: 35-36.
[6] Simandl, G. J., Pardon, S and Akam, C., 2015. Graphite deposit types, their origin and economic significance. In: Simandl, G. J. and Nextz, M. (eds.) Symposium on strategic and critical mineral proceeding, November 13-14, Victoria, British Colombia British Colombia Geological Survey paper 2015-3, p163 - 171.
[7] Meunier, E. (2015). Exploring for Graphite Using a New Ground Based Time Domain Electromagnetic System, Carleton University, M.Sc Thesis, Canada.
[8] Ajibade, A. C., Anyanwu, N. P. C., Okoro, A. U., and Nwajide C. S., 2008. The Geology of Minna area, Bulletin 43 of Nigerian Geological Survey Agency.
[9] Nwabufo-Ene, K. E. and Mbonu, W, C. (1988). The metasedimentary belts of the Nigerian Basement Complex – Facts, Fallacies and new Frontiers. In: Precambrian Geology of Nigeria. Eds: Oluyide, P. O., Mbonu, W. C., Ogezi, A. E., Egbuniwe, I. G., Ajibade, A. C., Umeji, A. C., pp 35-65.
[10] Rahman, M. A., 1988. Recent advances in the study ofbasement complex of Nigeria: In P.O. Oluyide (Co-ordinator); Precambrian Geology of Nig. Geol. Surv. Nig. Publ., 11-43.
[11] Obaje, N. G. (2013). Updates on the geology and mineral resources of Nigeria. Onaivi printing and publishing Co, Abuja, 213 p.
[12] Haruna, I. V. (2017). Review of Basement Geology and Mineral Belts of Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 5 (1), 37-45.
[13] Olaolorun, A. O. & Akintola, O. A. (2018). Compositional Characteristics in Relation to the Evolution of Granite Suites in Guguruji Area, Parts of Ayetoro (Sheet 226 NW and NE) and Kagara, Tegina (Sheet 142 SE), North-Central, Nigeria. International Research Journal Of Advanced Engineering and Science, 3 (1), 80-90, 2018.
[14] Keller, G V and Frischknecht, F C (1966), Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting, Pegamon, Press, Oxford.
[15] Parasnis, A S (1986), Principles of Applied Geophysics, Chapman and Hall, London.
[16] Lowrie, W (1997), Fundamentals of Geophysics, Wiley and Sons, Cambridge.
[17] Kearey, P., Brooks, M. and Hill, I., 2002. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
[18] Baranwal, V. E., Ronning, J. S, Gautneb, H., Larsen, B. E. Ofstad, F., & Bronner, M (2018). Integrated interpretation of airborne and ground geophysical data for graphite exploration in Northern Norway. Abstract: 24th Induction workshop. Helsinger, Denmark, August 12-19.
[19] Dobrin, M B. and Savit, C H (1988), Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, McGraw-Hill, New York.
[20] Jalete, A. (1997). Application of Integrated Geophysical Methods for Graphite Exploration in Gara-Gedemsa Area, South Ethiopa. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Addis-Ababa University, Ethiopia, 86p.
[21] Barrette, D. & Dentith, M. (2003). Geophysical Exploration for Graphite at Uley, South Australia. ASEG Extended Abstracts, 3, 47-8. Doi: 10.1771/ASEGSpec 1204.
[22] Ronning, J. S., Gautneb, H., Larsen, B. E., Knezevic, J., Baranwal, V., Elvebakk, H., Gellein, J., Ofstad, F., & Bronner, M. (2017). Geophysical and geological investigations of graphite occurrences in Vesterålen and Lofoten, Northern. NGU-rapport 2018.011.
[23] Heritiana, A. R., Riva, R. Ralay, R., & Boni, R. (2019) Evaluation of flake graphite ore using self-potential (SP), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization (IP) methods in east coast of Madagascar, Journal of Applied Geophysics 169 (9). doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.07.001.
[24] Khalid, S. E. & Munschy, M. (2019). Introductory Chapter: Mineral Exploration from the Point of View of Geophysicists. Minerals, Intech Open, 10.5772/ in techopen.84830.hal-03105786.
[25] Milsom, J., 2003. Field Geophysics, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, UK.
[26] Reynolds, J. M., 2011. An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, 2nd edition, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Christopher Imoukhai Unuevho, Akobundu Nwanosike Amadi, Stephen Jude Ejepu, Emmanuel Emeka Udensi. (2022). Geological and Geo-electrical Outlining of Graphite Deposits Within Kagara, North-Central Nigeria. Earth Sciences, 11(3), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Christopher Imoukhai Unuevho; Akobundu Nwanosike Amadi; Stephen Jude Ejepu; Emmanuel Emeka Udensi. Geological and Geo-electrical Outlining of Graphite Deposits Within Kagara, North-Central Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2022, 11(3), 79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Christopher Imoukhai Unuevho, Akobundu Nwanosike Amadi, Stephen Jude Ejepu, Emmanuel Emeka Udensi. Geological and Geo-electrical Outlining of Graphite Deposits Within Kagara, North-Central Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2022;11(3):79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14,
      author = {Christopher Imoukhai Unuevho and Akobundu Nwanosike Amadi and Stephen Jude Ejepu and Emmanuel Emeka Udensi},
      title = {Geological and Geo-electrical Outlining of Graphite Deposits Within Kagara, North-Central Nigeria},
      journal = {Earth Sciences},
      volume = {11},
      number = {3},
      pages = {79-88},
      doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20221103.14},
      abstract = {The specific locations of graphite exposures in Kagara, their host rocks, as well as their spatial extent and gross volume have hitherto remained unaddressed. This study focused on spatially outlining the deposits and conservatively ascertaining their gross volume, using combined surface geological mapping and geoelectrical surveying techniques. The geoelectrical surveying aspect comprised 1D geoelectrical (electrical resistivity, spontaneous potential, induced polarization) sounding, and 2D geoelectrical (electrical resistivity and induced polarization) tomographic surveying conducted using ABEM Terrameter (SAS 4000). The 1D electrical resistivity data were processed and interpreted using WinResist version1.0 resistivity inversion software. The 2D geoelectrical tomographic data were processed and interpreted using RES2DINV computer program. The rock outcrops found are quartzose - micaceous as well as graphitic schists, amphibolite, quartzite, coarse grained biotite granite, and exposures of graphite bodies. The graphite bodies are hosted within the schist and quartzite. The schist, amphibolite and quartzite rock bodies appear to be lateral metasediment equivalents, and therefore are synchronous. The geoelectrical attributes of the graphite bodies are 2-90 Ωm resistivity value, combined with 1-20 ms induced polarisation and negative spontaneous potential values. The deposits exist within 0.7 – 12 m depth interval, occupy 1470509.0 m2 surface area, and constitute 14705090.0 m3 conservative gross volume. The graphite deposits appear to be sheet like bodies interlaid with the quartzite and schist bodies.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Geological and Geo-electrical Outlining of Graphite Deposits Within Kagara, North-Central Nigeria
    AU  - Christopher Imoukhai Unuevho
    AU  - Akobundu Nwanosike Amadi
    AU  - Stephen Jude Ejepu
    AU  - Emmanuel Emeka Udensi
    Y1  - 2022/05/31
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14
    T2  - Earth Sciences
    JF  - Earth Sciences
    JO  - Earth Sciences
    SP  - 79
    EP  - 88
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5982
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20221103.14
    AB  - The specific locations of graphite exposures in Kagara, their host rocks, as well as their spatial extent and gross volume have hitherto remained unaddressed. This study focused on spatially outlining the deposits and conservatively ascertaining their gross volume, using combined surface geological mapping and geoelectrical surveying techniques. The geoelectrical surveying aspect comprised 1D geoelectrical (electrical resistivity, spontaneous potential, induced polarization) sounding, and 2D geoelectrical (electrical resistivity and induced polarization) tomographic surveying conducted using ABEM Terrameter (SAS 4000). The 1D electrical resistivity data were processed and interpreted using WinResist version1.0 resistivity inversion software. The 2D geoelectrical tomographic data were processed and interpreted using RES2DINV computer program. The rock outcrops found are quartzose - micaceous as well as graphitic schists, amphibolite, quartzite, coarse grained biotite granite, and exposures of graphite bodies. The graphite bodies are hosted within the schist and quartzite. The schist, amphibolite and quartzite rock bodies appear to be lateral metasediment equivalents, and therefore are synchronous. The geoelectrical attributes of the graphite bodies are 2-90 Ωm resistivity value, combined with 1-20 ms induced polarisation and negative spontaneous potential values. The deposits exist within 0.7 – 12 m depth interval, occupy 1470509.0 m2 surface area, and constitute 14705090.0 m3 conservative gross volume. The graphite deposits appear to be sheet like bodies interlaid with the quartzite and schist bodies.
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Geology, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

  • Department of Geology, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

  • Department of Geology, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

  • Sections