Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024

Eldisugi Hassan Mohammed Humida; Salah Mohmed Ibrahim Mohmed; Amal Khalil Yousif Mohammed; Mustafa Elnour Hussein Bahar; Esraa Daffalla Mohamed Ahmed; Najla Adam Elsharef Salem; Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14

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Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024

Eldisugi Hassan Mohammed Humida

, Salah Mohmed Ibrahim Mohmed

, Amal Khalil Yousif Mohammed

, Mustafa Elnour Hussein Bahar

, Esraa Daffalla Mohamed Ahmed

, Najla Adam Elsharef Salem

, Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed^*

Published in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 8, Issue 4)

Received: 21 November 2024 Accepted: 4 December 2024 Published: 25 December 2024

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Abstract

Background: Implanted medical devices known as pacemakers deliver electrical pulses to one or more heart chambers through electrodes. This study aimed to evaluate the peacemaker intervention outcomes within the Sudan War 2023-2024. Methodology: The study employed a retrospective descriptive analysis at El-Obeid International Hospital (Aldaman), North Kordofan State, Sudan, covering the period from April 2023 to April 2024. The Authors have collected data on patients who underwent procedures in the catheterization laboratory from 15 April 2023 to 15 April 2024. Results: This study examined 52 patients aged 30 to 85 years, with a mean age of 67 years. Among the participants, 44.2% were males and 55.8% were females. The majority received dual-chamber pacemakers (65.3%), while the remaining 34.7% received single-chamber pacemakers. Only one fatality occurred during the discharge of approximately 98% of the patients, indicating favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Despite conflicts and resource constraints, implantation of pacemakers produces remarkably favorable outcomes without complications. The majority of patients were females who were younger in comparison to international reports.

Published in	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14
Page(s)	113-119
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pacemaker, Heart Disease, Outcomes, Cardiac Abnormalities, Sudan

1. Introduction

More than 64 million people worldwide suffer from heart failure (HF). Complex and severe HF necessitates multiple hospitalizations and therapies, making it difficult to provide cost-effective care. The key cost drivers in HF treatment are clinical (re) admission and decompensation, but we also examine the economic consequences of other device therapy choices. This includes cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) like CRT-P, CRT-D, ICDs, and various pacemakers. Also considered is the impact of semi-automated (tele) monitoring on care quality and cost

[1, 2]

Heart electrical conduction is complex. This mechanism allows the heart to beat at its own pace and form a pulse, one of six vital signs in the myocardium. The heart's pacemaker controls its rate. This complex electrical circuit permits all cardiac cells to depolarize simultaneously. Heartbeats can be regular, irregular, rapid, or sluggish. Someone with an arrhythmia has a pulse that deviates from normal. ECGs help diagnose cardiac rhythm and pulse abnormalities. We categorize arrhythmias by rate (tachycardia, bradycardia), regularity (regular, irregularly regular, or irregularly irregular), and QRS complex breadth (narrow, wide)

[3]

The first half of the 20th century saw successful heart stimulation using cardiac pacemaker therapy

[4]

. Cardiovascular surgery and transcatheter structural valve treatments often require permanent pacing. Leadless pacemakers (LPs) serve as an alternative to transvenous pacemakers. Leadless pacemakers have the potential to replace transvenous pacemakers in certain patients undergoing cardiac surgery and transcatheter structural valve procedures. The device's performance is excellent over medium-term follow-up. However, a large percentage of patients require transvenous pacing for cardiac resynchronization or atrial pacing support, necessitating a thorough electrophysiologic follow-up

[5]

Nonetheless, Sudan possesses a limited number of facilities for cardiac intervention services. El-Obeid city serves as the sole center for a significant portion of western Sudan's population. During the 2023-2024 war, the collapse of the health system resulted in many heart patients dying before the research at El-Obeid Heart Center could take place. Nonetheless, given the limitations of the available resources, we conducted approximately 52 pacemaker interventions. As a result, this study focuses on assessing the outcomes of pacemaker interventions within one year during the war.

2. Materials and Methods

Data from El-Obeid International Hospital (Aldaman), North Kordofan State, Sudan, were conducted for this retrospective descriptive study from April 2023 to April 2024. We obtained all data pertaining to patients treated in El-Obeid International Hospital's catheterization laboratory from 15 April 2023 to 15 April 2024 from the hospital.

The sample size encompasses all patients operated on during the specified period, about one year following the onset of the Sudan war (2023-2024). We examined a total of 52 patients who underwent permanent transvenous pacemaker implantation, reviewed all patient records, and extracted the necessary information.

3. Results

This study consisted of 52 patients aged 30-85 years, with an average age of 67. Of the 52 patients, 23/52 (44.2%) were men and 29/52 (55.8%) were women. The bulk of patents were aged ≥70 years, followed by 60-69 and 50-59 years, with 26/52 (50%), 15 (28.8%), and 8 (15.3%), respectively. About 29/52 (55.7%) were rural residents, while the remaining 23 (44.3%) were urban. Approximately 39/52 patients (75%) were illiterate. About 22/52 (42.3%) of the patients were jobless, whereas 15 (28.8%) were farmers. As shown in Table 1 and Figure 1, the majority of the study subjects were married (49/52, 94.2%).

Table 1. Distribution of patients based on demographic characteristics.

Variable	Males n=23	Females n=29	Total n=52
Residence
Rural	14	15	29
Urban	9	14	23
Age
≤50 years	2	1	3
50-59	2	6	8
60-69	6	9	15
≥70	13	13	26
Education
Illiterate	18	21	39
Primary	2	1	3
Secondary	0	4	4
University	1	1	2
Postgraduate	0	1	1
Others	2	1	3
Occupation
Farmers	8	7	15
Armed forces	2	0	2
Teachers	1	4	5
Jobless	5	17	22
Retired	1	1	2
Labors	5	0	5
Business men	1	0	1
Marital status
Single	1	0	1
Married	22	27	49
Divorced	0	1	1
Widowed	0	1	1

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. Describes the patients based on their demographic characteristics.

Table 2 and Figure 2 summarize the patient distribution by type of permanent pacemaker and demographic characteristics. The majority of patients (34/52, 65.3%) had dual-chamber pacemakers, with the remaining 18 (34.7%) receiving single chambers. There are no discernible differences in the distribution of pacemaker types and demographic factors.

Just one patient died, and about 51/52 (98%) of the patients had favorable outcomes upon discharge.

Table 2. Patient distribution by type of permanent pacemaker and demographic features.

Variable	Single chambers n=18	dual-chamber pacemaker n=34	Total n=52
Sex
Males	7	16	23
Females	11	18	29
Age
≤50 yrs	2	1	3
50-59 yrs	1	7	8
60-69 yrs	4	11	15
≥70 yrs	11	15	26
Residence
Rural	11	18	29
Urban	7	16	23

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. Provides a description of the patients by type of permanentpacemaker and demographic features.

We identified Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in 23/52 (44.2%) and 9/52 (17.3%), respectively. As shown in Table 3 and Figure 3, most of the patients who needed pacing had complete heart block, then generator exchange, and second-degree heart block, making up 44/52 (84.6%), 6 (11.5%), and 2 (3.8%) of the patients, respectively.

Table 3. Shows the distribution of patients by type of permanent pacemaker and indication of pacing hypertension and diabetes.

Variable	Single champers n=18	dual-chamber pacemaker n=34	Total n=52
Hypertension
Yes	6	17	23
No	12	17	29
Diabetes Miletus (DM)
Yes	5	4	9
No	13	30	43
Indication of pacing
Complete heart block	16	28	44
Second degree heart block	0	2	2
Generator exchange	2	4	6

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 3. Provides a description of the patients, broken down by the type of permanent pacemaker and indications of hypertension and diabetes.

4. Discussion

Despite the catastrophic conflict in Sudan, the results for patients have been remarkable, with 98% achieving successful recovery. Despite their widespread use and notable success, traditional transvenous pacemakers have an estimated 15% complication rate over a three-year period. Leadless pacemakers' clear benefits over traditional transvenous pacemakers, including the absence of transvenous leads, reduced risk of infection, and simplified implantation process, have led to a rise in their use. Since their initial approval, the number of leadless pacemakers placed has significantly increased

[6]

. Transvenous pacemakers carry a notable risk of complications. Leadless pacemakers (LP) are becoming a noteworthy alternative to traditional devices. Leadless pacemakers appear to exhibit a notably low rate of complications. These devices could be a suitable choice for patients requiring single-chamber pacing, particularly in cases where conventional transvenous pacemaker implantations are not feasible. There is a necessity for studies that directly compare LP and transvenous pacemakers, as well as data on extended follow-up periods

[7]

. The successful procedure for implanting cardiac electric devices relies on the implant's positioning as well as its electrical performance. The capture threshold and pacing output are impacted by the battery's projected lifespan. Knowing how the capture threshold changes with rate and what is acceptable programming allows you to avoid unnecessary recapture and reimplantation, which lowers the procedure's risks

[8]

A study has administered permanent dual-chamber devices to the majority of patients. The implantation of permanent pacemakers (PPMs), configured in either dual-chamber (DDD) or ventricular (VVI) pacing modes, is the management of bradycardia resulting from total atrioventricular block (TAVB). People consider DDD to be a more physiological pacing mode than VVI due to its ability to prevent atrioventricular desynchrony. Nonetheless, earlier trials have not succeeded in proving the advantages of DDD in enhancing quality of life and reducing morbidity

[9]

. Bradycardia, defined as a resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute (b.p.m.), may arise from conditions that impact the heart's natural pacemakers, including sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and atrioventricular (AV) blocks. Individuals experiencing bradycardia may exhibit symptoms such as palpitations, intolerance to physical activity, and episodes of fainting. Implantation of a permanent pacemaker is the only viable intervention for individuals experiencing symptomatic bradycardia. In patients with SSS who show no signs of impaired AV conduction, dual-chamber pacemakers seem to offer a more cost-effective solution than single-chamber atrial pacemakers. Dual-chamber pacemakers, programmed to reduce unnecessary ventricular pacing, are necessary due to the potential for a complete AV block and the lack of effective tools to identify high-risk patients. The risk of heart failure, which may be affected by age and device, must be considered

[10]

The findings of the current study indicated that females received pacemakers more frequently than males. Cardiac implantable electronic devices encompass pacemakers, cardioverter defibrillators, and resynchronization therapy. Women exhibited a lower rate of CIED implantation compared to men across almost all indications, such as complete heart block and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation/cardiac arrest. The limited utilization of cardiac devices in women may indicate a potential bias based on sex, warranting additional investigation

[11]

. The existence of bias in the implantation of permanent pacemakers and the associated complications based on sex and age within the Australian population remains uncertain. Over the course of a decade, in a statewide Australian population exceeding 7 million, the rates of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) were consistently almost twice as high for men as for women, a trend that appeared to be increasing and was not explained by age. Women's rates of complications were significantly higher. Future studies ought to investigate the underlying causes of this disparity in PPI rates, along with its associated complications

[12]

The current study's findings indicate that the majority of patients were older, with a mean age of 67 years. Studies reveal that older adults account for up to 80% of pacemaker placements, with the typical age of recipients currently hovering around 75 to 10 years. While often regarded as "minor" surgery, complications from pacemaker implantation can arise in approximately 3%–4% of instances

[13]

This study, while offering significant updates during these challenging times, does have certain limitations, notably its small sample size.

In conclusion, pacemaker implantation during the conflict with limited resources yields better results free from problems. Most of the patients were women, whose age was rather lower than in worldwide statistics.

Abbreviations

PPM	Permanent Pacemakers
ECG	Electrocardiogram
CIED	Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device
LP	Leadless Pacemakers
DDD	Dual-chamber
SSS	Sick Sinus Syndrome
AV	Atrioventricular
TAVB	Total Atrioventricular Block
VVI	Ventricular

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank people at El-Obeid International Hospital for their assistance in data collection.

Author Contributions

Eldisugi Hassan Mohammed Humida: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Salah Mohmed Ibrahim Mohmed: Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation

Amal Khalil Yousif Mohammed: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Resources, Visualization

Mustafa Elnour Hussein Bahar: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization

Esraa Daffalla Mohamed Ahmed: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization

Najla Adam Elsharef Salem: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed: Data curation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Funding

The Prof. Medical Research Consultancy Center (PMRCC) funded this project. Grant Number: PMRCC/2024A7

Ethical Consideration

Permission was obtained from authorities in El-Obeid International Hospital (ALdaman) to get access to the notified information.

Ethical Approval

The proposal has been granted approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee at MRCC. Approval Number: HREC0013/PMRCC.9/24.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

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[2]	GBD. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2017; 392: 1789–858.
[3]	Obando MA, Marra EM. Wide QRS Complex Tachycardia. 2023 Jun 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 32644480.
[4]	Lemke B. Geschichte der Herzschrittmacher-Therapie in Deutschland [History of cardiac pacemaker therapy in Germany]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2024 Mar; 35(Suppl 1): 18-54. German. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-024-01010-4
[5]	Huang J, Bhatia NK, Lloyd MS, Westerman S, Shah A, Leal M, Delurgio D, Patel AM, Tompkins C, Leon AR, El-Chami MF, Merchant FM. Outcomes of leadless pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery and transcatheter structural valve interventions. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2023 Nov; 34(11): 2216-2222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.16074
[6]	Beccarino N, Saleh M, Epstein LM. Leadless pacemakers: Where are we? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2024 Mar 22: S1050-1738(24)00018-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2024.03.001
[7]	Oliveira SF, Carvalho MM, Adão L, Nunes JP. Clinical outcomes of leadless pacemaker: a systematic review. Minerva Cardiol Angiol. 2021 Jun; 69(3): 346-357. https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-5683.20.05244-5
[8]	Sano M, Takahashi N, Kaneko Y, Narumi T, Naruse Y, Maekawa Y. Rate-dependent elevation of the capture threshold after implantation of a leadless pacemaker. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2024 Jul; 47(7): 938-940. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.14884
[9]	Laksono S, Yuniadi Y, Soesanto AM, Raharjo SB, Lisnawati, Bardosono S, Angkasa IS, Hosanna C. Comparison of Global Longitudinal Strain in Dual chamber versus Ventricular Pacemaker in Complete Heart Block. J Cardiovasc Echogr. 2024 Jan-Mar; 34(1): 14-18. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_78_23
[10]	Edwards SJ, Karner C, Trevor N, Wakefield V, Salih F. Dual-chamber pacemakers for treating symptomatic bradycardia due to sick sinus syndrome without atrioventricular block: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Aug; 19(65): 1-210. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta19650
[11]	De Silva K, Nassar N, Badgery-Parker T, Kumar S, Taylor L, Kovoor P, Zaman S, Wilson A, Chow CK. Sex-Based Differences in Selected Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Use: A 10-Year Statewide Patient Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Aug 16; 11(16): e025428. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.025428
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Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Humida, E. H. M., Mohmed, S. M. I., Mohammed, A. K. Y., Bahar, M. E. H., Ahmed, E. D. M., et al. (2024). Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 8(4), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14

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ACS Style

Humida, E. H. M.; Mohmed, S. M. I.; Mohammed, A. K. Y.; Bahar, M. E. H.; Ahmed, E. D. M., et al. Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2024, 8(4), 113-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14

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AMA Style

Humida EHM, Mohmed SMI, Mohammed AKY, Bahar MEH, Ahmed EDM, et al. Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2024;8(4):113-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14,
  author = {Eldisugi Hassan Mohammed Humida and Salah Mohmed Ibrahim Mohmed and Amal Khalil Yousif Mohammed and Mustafa Elnour Hussein Bahar and Esraa Daffalla Mohamed Ahmed and Najla Adam Elsharef Salem and Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed},
  title = {Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024
},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {113-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20240804.14},
  abstract = {Background: Implanted medical devices known as pacemakers deliver electrical pulses to one or more heart chambers through electrodes. This study aimed to evaluate the peacemaker intervention outcomes within the Sudan War 2023-2024. Methodology: The study employed a retrospective descriptive analysis at El-Obeid International Hospital (Aldaman), North Kordofan State, Sudan, covering the period from April 2023 to April 2024. The Authors have collected data on patients who underwent procedures in the catheterization laboratory from 15 April 2023 to 15 April 2024. Results: This study examined 52 patients aged 30 to 85 years, with a mean age of 67 years. Among the participants, 44.2% were males and 55.8% were females. The majority received dual-chamber pacemakers (65.3%), while the remaining 34.7% received single-chamber pacemakers. Only one fatality occurred during the discharge of approximately 98% of the patients, indicating favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Despite conflicts and resource constraints, implantation of pacemakers produces remarkably favorable outcomes without complications. The majority of patients were females who were younger in comparison to international reports.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024

AU - Eldisugi Hassan Mohammed Humida
AU - Salah Mohmed Ibrahim Mohmed
AU - Amal Khalil Yousif Mohammed
AU - Mustafa Elnour Hussein Bahar
AU - Esraa Daffalla Mohamed Ahmed
AU - Najla Adam Elsharef Salem
AU - Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed
Y1 - 2024/12/25
PY - 2024
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14
DO - 10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14
T2 - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP - 113
EP - 119
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2578-8914
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14
AB - Background: Implanted medical devices known as pacemakers deliver electrical pulses to one or more heart chambers through electrodes. This study aimed to evaluate the peacemaker intervention outcomes within the Sudan War 2023-2024. Methodology: The study employed a retrospective descriptive analysis at El-Obeid International Hospital (Aldaman), North Kordofan State, Sudan, covering the period from April 2023 to April 2024. The Authors have collected data on patients who underwent procedures in the catheterization laboratory from 15 April 2023 to 15 April 2024. Results: This study examined 52 patients aged 30 to 85 years, with a mean age of 67 years. Among the participants, 44.2% were males and 55.8% were females. The majority received dual-chamber pacemakers (65.3%), while the remaining 34.7% received single-chamber pacemakers. Only one fatality occurred during the discharge of approximately 98% of the patients, indicating favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Despite conflicts and resource constraints, implantation of pacemakers produces remarkably favorable outcomes without complications. The majority of patients were females who were younger in comparison to international reports.

VL - 8
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Eldisugi Hassan Mohammed Humida

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kordofan, El-Obeid, Sudan; EL-Obeid Teaching Hospital, El-Obeid, Sudan; EL-Obeid International Hospital – Director of Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, North Kordofan state, El-Obeid, Sudan

Research Fields: Cardiology, Angiography, cardiovascular surgery, Surgery, Epidemiology

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-7624-3761
Salah Mohmed Ibrahim Mohmed

General Director of National Cardiac Center, Khartoum, Sudan

Research Fields: Cardiology, Cardiac surgery, Surgery, Cardiovascular disease, Vascular surgery

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-0322-0186
Amal Khalil Yousif Mohammed

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kordofan, El-Obeid, Sudan; General Director, Aldaman International Hospital, El-Obeid, Sudan

Research Fields: Respiratory, Medicine, Infectious disease, Cardiology, Epidemiology

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0005-4645-4344
Mustafa Elnour Hussein Bahar

University of Khartoum, Faculty of Medicine, Suba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan

Research Fields: Radiology, Interventional Radiology, Chest imaging, Diagnostic Radiology, MIR

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-8217-5178
Esraa Daffalla Mohamed Ahmed

Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kordofan, El-Obeid, Sudan

Research Fields: Ophthalmology, Surgery, Public health, Epidemiology, Medicine

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-0661-8130
Najla Adam Elsharef Salem

Prof. Medical Research Consultancy Center, North Kordofan State, El-Obeid, Sudan

Research Fields: Ophthalmology, Surgery, Public health, Epidemiology, Medicine

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-9877-8907
Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed

Prof. Medical Research Consultancy Center, North Kordofan State, El-Obeid, Sudan; Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

Research Fields: Ophthalmology, Surgery, Public health, Epidemiology, Medicine

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6579-0574

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Humida, E. H. M., Mohmed, S. M. I., Mohammed, A. K. Y., Bahar, M. E. H., Ahmed, E. D. M., et al. (2024). Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 8(4), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14

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ACS Style

Humida, E. H. M.; Mohmed, S. M. I.; Mohammed, A. K. Y.; Bahar, M. E. H.; Ahmed, E. D. M., et al. Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2024, 8(4), 113-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14

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AMA Style

Humida EHM, Mohmed SMI, Mohammed AKY, Bahar MEH, Ahmed EDM, et al. Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2024;8(4):113-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14,
  author = {Eldisugi Hassan Mohammed Humida and Salah Mohmed Ibrahim Mohmed and Amal Khalil Yousif Mohammed and Mustafa Elnour Hussein Bahar and Esraa Daffalla Mohamed Ahmed and Najla Adam Elsharef Salem and Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed},
  title = {Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024
},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {113-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20240804.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20240804.14},
  abstract = {Background: Implanted medical devices known as pacemakers deliver electrical pulses to one or more heart chambers through electrodes. This study aimed to evaluate the peacemaker intervention outcomes within the Sudan War 2023-2024. Methodology: The study employed a retrospective descriptive analysis at El-Obeid International Hospital (Aldaman), North Kordofan State, Sudan, covering the period from April 2023 to April 2024. The Authors have collected data on patients who underwent procedures in the catheterization laboratory from 15 April 2023 to 15 April 2024. Results: This study examined 52 patients aged 30 to 85 years, with a mean age of 67 years. Among the participants, 44.2% were males and 55.8% were females. The majority received dual-chamber pacemakers (65.3%), while the remaining 34.7% received single-chamber pacemakers. Only one fatality occurred during the discharge of approximately 98% of the patients, indicating favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Despite conflicts and resource constraints, implantation of pacemakers produces remarkably favorable outcomes without complications. The majority of patients were females who were younger in comparison to international reports.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Outcomes of Patients Underwent Pacemaker Implantation During Sudan War 2023-2024

VL - 8
IS - 4
ER -

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