Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Diagnosis and Control of Peste Des Petits (PPR) in Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review

Received: 23 August 2023     Accepted: 5 September 2023     Published: 28 October 2023
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Abstract

PPR (Peste des petits ruminants) is a highly infectious serious infection that affects a lot of sheep and goats. In nations like Pakistan, where small ruminant products are crucial for long-term livelihoods, the infection has a significant economic impact. Goats are known to be more sensitive to the sickness than other animals. It's a highly contagious illness that affects tiny ruminants and has a high morbidity and fatality rate. The timing of infection, the spread of the virus, and the early identification of the disease all need to be better understood. Disease has an almost universal geographic spread. The PPRV is a virus that affects both domestic and wild ruminants. In Pakistan, PPR is diagnosed mostly by postmortem examination of clinical symptoms and lesions. Conjunctivitis and rhinotracheitis, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia are all caused by PPRV, a lymphotropic and epitheliotropic virus. Pathognomonic symptoms include necrotizing tonsils, fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis, proliferative interstitial pneumonia, supportiv bronchointerstitial pneumonia, multinucleated giant cells [syncytia], and cytoplasmic and/or nuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. The acute type, which is identical to rinderpest, is most commonly found in goats. A severe respiratory condition is a common symptom of PPR. The subacute type is more common in sheep, although it can also happen in goats. Immunization, isolation, transportation restriction, and hygienic slaughter and disinfection are all part of the control and preventive programme. Moreover, in addition to the issue of resistance to antibiotics, further research into antibiotics resistance and the development of new antibiotics can aid in enhanced therapeutic intervention. Reviewing existing preventative approaches and focusing on creating new strain-based or recombinant vaccines that target specific antigens is the most effective strategy to treat the illness internationally (capsular or cellular).

Published in Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Volume 11, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13
Page(s) 111-127
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Peste Des Petit Ruminants, Morbillivirus, Epidemic Curve, Small Ruminants, Diagnosis, Control

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    Adnan Yousaf, Dad Muhammad Anwar, Mehtab Ahmed, Imran Qaiser, Rasheed Ahmed Rabbani, et al. (2023). Diagnosis and Control of Peste Des Petits (PPR) in Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review . Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 11(5), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13

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    Adnan Yousaf; Dad Muhammad Anwar; Mehtab Ahmed; Imran Qaiser; Rasheed Ahmed Rabbani, et al. Diagnosis and Control of Peste Des Petits (PPR) in Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review . Anim. Vet. Sci. 2023, 11(5), 111-127. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13

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    AMA Style

    Adnan Yousaf, Dad Muhammad Anwar, Mehtab Ahmed, Imran Qaiser, Rasheed Ahmed Rabbani, et al. Diagnosis and Control of Peste Des Petits (PPR) in Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review . Anim Vet Sci. 2023;11(5):111-127. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13,
      author = {Adnan Yousaf and Dad Muhammad Anwar and Mehtab Ahmed and Imran Qaiser and Rasheed Ahmed Rabbani and Ajeet Sing Berjang and Lookesh Kumar and Faiza Habib},
      title = {Diagnosis and Control of Peste Des Petits (PPR) in Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review
    
    	
    },
      journal = {Animal and Veterinary Sciences},
      volume = {11},
      number = {5},
      pages = {111-127},
      doi = {10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.avs.20231105.13},
      abstract = {PPR (Peste des petits ruminants) is a highly infectious serious infection that affects a lot of sheep and goats. In nations like Pakistan, where small ruminant products are crucial for long-term livelihoods, the infection has a significant economic impact. Goats are known to be more sensitive to the sickness than other animals. It's a highly contagious illness that affects tiny ruminants and has a high morbidity and fatality rate. The timing of infection, the spread of the virus, and the early identification of the disease all need to be better understood. Disease has an almost universal geographic spread. The PPRV is a virus that affects both domestic and wild ruminants. In Pakistan, PPR is diagnosed mostly by postmortem examination of clinical symptoms and lesions. Conjunctivitis and rhinotracheitis, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia are all caused by PPRV, a lymphotropic and epitheliotropic virus. Pathognomonic symptoms include necrotizing tonsils, fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis, proliferative interstitial pneumonia, supportiv bronchointerstitial pneumonia, multinucleated giant cells [syncytia], and cytoplasmic and/or nuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. The acute type, which is identical to rinderpest, is most commonly found in goats. A severe respiratory condition is a common symptom of PPR. The subacute type is more common in sheep, although it can also happen in goats. Immunization, isolation, transportation restriction, and hygienic slaughter and disinfection are all part of the control and preventive programme. Moreover, in addition to the issue of resistance to antibiotics, further research into antibiotics resistance and the development of new antibiotics can aid in enhanced therapeutic intervention. Reviewing existing preventative approaches and focusing on creating new strain-based or recombinant vaccines that target specific antigens is the most effective strategy to treat the illness internationally (capsular or cellular).
    },
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Diagnosis and Control of Peste Des Petits (PPR) in Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review
    
    	
    
    AU  - Adnan Yousaf
    AU  - Dad Muhammad Anwar
    AU  - Mehtab Ahmed
    AU  - Imran Qaiser
    AU  - Rasheed Ahmed Rabbani
    AU  - Ajeet Sing Berjang
    AU  - Lookesh Kumar
    AU  - Faiza Habib
    Y1  - 2023/10/28
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13
    T2  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
    JF  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
    JO  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
    SP  - 111
    EP  - 127
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5850
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20231105.13
    AB  - PPR (Peste des petits ruminants) is a highly infectious serious infection that affects a lot of sheep and goats. In nations like Pakistan, where small ruminant products are crucial for long-term livelihoods, the infection has a significant economic impact. Goats are known to be more sensitive to the sickness than other animals. It's a highly contagious illness that affects tiny ruminants and has a high morbidity and fatality rate. The timing of infection, the spread of the virus, and the early identification of the disease all need to be better understood. Disease has an almost universal geographic spread. The PPRV is a virus that affects both domestic and wild ruminants. In Pakistan, PPR is diagnosed mostly by postmortem examination of clinical symptoms and lesions. Conjunctivitis and rhinotracheitis, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia are all caused by PPRV, a lymphotropic and epitheliotropic virus. Pathognomonic symptoms include necrotizing tonsils, fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis, proliferative interstitial pneumonia, supportiv bronchointerstitial pneumonia, multinucleated giant cells [syncytia], and cytoplasmic and/or nuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. The acute type, which is identical to rinderpest, is most commonly found in goats. A severe respiratory condition is a common symptom of PPR. The subacute type is more common in sheep, although it can also happen in goats. Immunization, isolation, transportation restriction, and hygienic slaughter and disinfection are all part of the control and preventive programme. Moreover, in addition to the issue of resistance to antibiotics, further research into antibiotics resistance and the development of new antibiotics can aid in enhanced therapeutic intervention. Reviewing existing preventative approaches and focusing on creating new strain-based or recombinant vaccines that target specific antigens is the most effective strategy to treat the illness internationally (capsular or cellular).
    
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan

  • Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

  • Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

  • Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

  • Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

  • Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan

  • Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan

  • Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

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