| Peer-Reviewed

Institutionalization of Democratic Institutions, Challenges, and Prospects Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Electoral Process of Ethiopia

Received: 1 July 2021     Accepted: 30 July 2021     Published: 23 August 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The electoral process is understood as a continuous process often divided into three periods: the pre-election, Election and post-election period. The harmonies run of this course of action can support the democratic system. Currently, it has become an essential component of democratic development too. Due to this, countries in the world have started to look critically about election management for supporting the electoral process, Ethiopia is no exception. Since the adoption of multiparty politics in 1991 the electoral process and its practice become challenge in Ethiopia. So this paper aimed at assessing the challenges and prospects of institutionalizing the electoral process of Ethiopia since 1991. To this end, a descriptive case study design and qualitative approach were employed to gather data from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected using in-depth interviews, key-informants, and FGD methods from purposively selected individuals. Again secondary data such as Books, a chapter in a book, a journal article, other research works, and webpages were used. It also employed the grounded theory analysis method, the data obtained from data collection was followed by creating themes, identification of topics, and sub-topics that are organized and rearranged logically by the investigator to make the analysis more convenient. The finding of the study shows that the Electoral process faces a continuous challenge from both the side of NEBE which exhibited sluggish institutional development with influenced and unprofessional electoral official made trouble on the issue of integrality in the conduct election. Outside of the board insecurity, Electoral conflict, and inactive Media and NGOs, inequitable representation and incompetent parties were the challenges of the electoral process. Conversely, there were practical attempts on the quality of conducting a free and fair election. However, it was not sufficient for institutionalizing the electoral process. The study revealed that the government could play a role as advocator, initiator, and implementer of reform agendas in cooperation with opposition political parties. Medias and NGOs can undertake civic and voter educations, both are ‘Watchdogs’ and can monitor the election process. Finally, the technical or material support given as a form of Electoral assistance is significant to the electoral process. Accordingly, the prospects were the opening of political space, reforms, and experience of the board, reforms on other mutual democratic institutions, and the flourishing of various independent Media. Further, the confidence of the board can initiate external electoral support and assistance, including Diasporas.

Published in Advances in Sciences and Humanities (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13
Page(s) 59-65
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Electoral Process, Institutionalization, Challenges, Prospects

References
[1] Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
[2] UNDP (2016). Elections in the Sub-Saharan Africa: General Trends, Challenges and Opportunities. Ridge Arena. Ghana.
[3] Cassidy, M., & Hodge, S. (2010). Ethiopia Democratic Institutions (DIP) Program Mid-term Evaluation. (November), 1–141.
[4] Hailu, S. (2018). Challenges and Prospects of Democratization Process in Ethiopia.
[5] European Union Election Observation Mission, Ethiopia: Legislative Elections 2005: Final Report.
[6] African Union, 2010. African Union Observer Mission to the Legislative Elections in Ethiopia Final Report Issued at the AU Observer Mission Secretariat, Addis Ababa, 26th May 2010
[7] Anne Van Aaken (2009). Independent electoral management bodies and international election observer missions: Any impact on the observed level of democracy? A conceptual framework. University of Hamburg.
[8] Asefa, S. (2001). Perspectives on Institutional Reform and Development in Ethiopia : The Critical Role of Building Enabling Institutions for Economic Growth and Development. International Conference on African Development Archives.
[9] Gebremeskel Hailu (2016). Reforming the Ethiopian electoral system: looking for the best alternative. Oromia Law Journal [Vol 6, No. 1]
[10] Merara G (2003). Competing Ethnic Nationalism and the Quest for Democracy 1960-2000. Nezerland: N. P Shaker Publishing.
[11] IDEA. (2015). Media assistance and elections.
[12] Kothari, C. R., (2004). Research methodology, methods and Techniques, 2nd ed., New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
[13] Norris, P. (2015). The electoral integrity project. The quality of government and why Election fail. Harvard University press.
[14] Proclamation No. 532/2007, Electoral Law of Ethiopia Amendment, Federal Negarit Gazetta, 13thYear No. 54, Addis Ababa
[15] Shimellis Hailu (2017). Challenges and Prospects of Democratization Process in Ethiopia
[16] Sisay Asefa (2003). Developing democratic institutions inEthiopia: the challenge of buildingenabling institutions for economicgrowth and development. Published by Michigan State University Press. Vol. 10.
[17] Yemane Nagish (2010). Ethiopia between "election events": the impact of the 2005 and 2010 pre-election politics on competitive elections. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.
[18] Yared Ayele (2017), The Need and Impact of Reforming the Ethiopian Electoral. Published by Addis Ababa University.
[19] Klein, Keith. (1995). “Approaches to Conducting Elections: Why an Electoral Commission?” Paper prepared at IFES for presentation to the Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of South Africa.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Birhanu Tobe Toyilo. (2021). Institutionalization of Democratic Institutions, Challenges, and Prospects Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Electoral Process of Ethiopia. Advances in Sciences and Humanities, 7(3), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Birhanu Tobe Toyilo. Institutionalization of Democratic Institutions, Challenges, and Prospects Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Electoral Process of Ethiopia. Adv. Sci. Humanit. 2021, 7(3), 59-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Birhanu Tobe Toyilo. Institutionalization of Democratic Institutions, Challenges, and Prospects Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Electoral Process of Ethiopia. Adv Sci Humanit. 2021;7(3):59-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13,
      author = {Birhanu Tobe Toyilo},
      title = {Institutionalization of Democratic Institutions, Challenges, and Prospects Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Electoral Process of Ethiopia},
      journal = {Advances in Sciences and Humanities},
      volume = {7},
      number = {3},
      pages = {59-65},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ash.20210703.13},
      abstract = {The electoral process is understood as a continuous process often divided into three periods: the pre-election, Election and post-election period. The harmonies run of this course of action can support the democratic system. Currently, it has become an essential component of democratic development too. Due to this, countries in the world have started to look critically about election management for supporting the electoral process, Ethiopia is no exception. Since the adoption of multiparty politics in 1991 the electoral process and its practice become challenge in Ethiopia. So this paper aimed at assessing the challenges and prospects of institutionalizing the electoral process of Ethiopia since 1991. To this end, a descriptive case study design and qualitative approach were employed to gather data from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected using in-depth interviews, key-informants, and FGD methods from purposively selected individuals. Again secondary data such as Books, a chapter in a book, a journal article, other research works, and webpages were used. It also employed the grounded theory analysis method, the data obtained from data collection was followed by creating themes, identification of topics, and sub-topics that are organized and rearranged logically by the investigator to make the analysis more convenient. The finding of the study shows that the Electoral process faces a continuous challenge from both the side of NEBE which exhibited sluggish institutional development with influenced and unprofessional electoral official made trouble on the issue of integrality in the conduct election. Outside of the board insecurity, Electoral conflict, and inactive Media and NGOs, inequitable representation and incompetent parties were the challenges of the electoral process. Conversely, there were practical attempts on the quality of conducting a free and fair election. However, it was not sufficient for institutionalizing the electoral process. The study revealed that the government could play a role as advocator, initiator, and implementer of reform agendas in cooperation with opposition political parties. Medias and NGOs can undertake civic and voter educations, both are ‘Watchdogs’ and can monitor the election process. Finally, the technical or material support given as a form of Electoral assistance is significant to the electoral process. Accordingly, the prospects were the opening of political space, reforms, and experience of the board, reforms on other mutual democratic institutions, and the flourishing of various independent Media. Further, the confidence of the board can initiate external electoral support and assistance, including Diasporas.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Institutionalization of Democratic Institutions, Challenges, and Prospects Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Electoral Process of Ethiopia
    AU  - Birhanu Tobe Toyilo
    Y1  - 2021/08/23
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13
    T2  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
    JF  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
    JO  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
    SP  - 59
    EP  - 65
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-0984
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20210703.13
    AB  - The electoral process is understood as a continuous process often divided into three periods: the pre-election, Election and post-election period. The harmonies run of this course of action can support the democratic system. Currently, it has become an essential component of democratic development too. Due to this, countries in the world have started to look critically about election management for supporting the electoral process, Ethiopia is no exception. Since the adoption of multiparty politics in 1991 the electoral process and its practice become challenge in Ethiopia. So this paper aimed at assessing the challenges and prospects of institutionalizing the electoral process of Ethiopia since 1991. To this end, a descriptive case study design and qualitative approach were employed to gather data from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected using in-depth interviews, key-informants, and FGD methods from purposively selected individuals. Again secondary data such as Books, a chapter in a book, a journal article, other research works, and webpages were used. It also employed the grounded theory analysis method, the data obtained from data collection was followed by creating themes, identification of topics, and sub-topics that are organized and rearranged logically by the investigator to make the analysis more convenient. The finding of the study shows that the Electoral process faces a continuous challenge from both the side of NEBE which exhibited sluggish institutional development with influenced and unprofessional electoral official made trouble on the issue of integrality in the conduct election. Outside of the board insecurity, Electoral conflict, and inactive Media and NGOs, inequitable representation and incompetent parties were the challenges of the electoral process. Conversely, there were practical attempts on the quality of conducting a free and fair election. However, it was not sufficient for institutionalizing the electoral process. The study revealed that the government could play a role as advocator, initiator, and implementer of reform agendas in cooperation with opposition political parties. Medias and NGOs can undertake civic and voter educations, both are ‘Watchdogs’ and can monitor the election process. Finally, the technical or material support given as a form of Electoral assistance is significant to the electoral process. Accordingly, the prospects were the opening of political space, reforms, and experience of the board, reforms on other mutual democratic institutions, and the flourishing of various independent Media. Further, the confidence of the board can initiate external electoral support and assistance, including Diasporas.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Civics and Ethical Studies, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia

  • Sections