| Peer-Reviewed

Evaluation of Biodiesel Produced from Blends of Sunflower Oil and Beef Tallow Through Base Catalysis

Received: 25 June 2021     Accepted: 6 July 2021     Published: 15 July 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The inclination towards climate change and environmental pollution mitigation directs this research toward creating an alternative fuel source to fossil fuel for use in developing tropical countries. This study is designed to investigate biodiesel (alkyl esters) obtained by transesterification of blends of refined sunflower oil and beef tallow using NaOH as catalyst. Triglycerides in the oils reacted with alkanols to produce fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) and glyerols as by-product. A pretreatment process of esterification was carried out to remove excess free fatty acids (FFA). Some physical properties such as pour point, cloud point, flash point, density and kinematic viscosity were investigated for the sunflower oil/beef tallow (SO/BT) ratios. The examined physical properties of the methyl esters changed significantly as the beef tallow ratio in the mixture increased in the mixtures. The ratios of 40%SO/60%BT and 60%SO/40%BT exhibited values within standard range of biodiesel and petroleum diesel of ASTM D 6751 and EN 1424. The values of the cold-flow properties of the biodiesel ratios obtained are of convenience for use in tropical regions rather than polar regions.

Published in American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11
Page(s) 23-28
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Biodiesel, Alkyl Esters, Transesterification, Sunflower Oil, Beef Tallow, Kinematic Viscosity

References
[1] Banković-Ilić. I. B, Stojković. I. J, Stamenković. O. S, Veljkovic. V. B, Yung-Tse. H (2014), “Waste animal fats as feedstocks for biodiesel production”, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications. 104.
[2] OEC World. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/nga.
[3] Knothe. G, Gerpen. J. V, Krahl. J (2010), “The Biodiesel Handbook” Vol. 1, pp. 35-38.
[4] Folayan, A. J., Anawe P. A. L., Aladejar, A. E., Ayeni A. O. 2019. Experimental investigation of the effect of fatty acids configuration, chain length branching and degree of unsaturation on biodiesel fuel properties obtained from lauric oils, high-oleic and high-linoleic vegetable oil biomass. Energy Reports 5 (2019), 793-806.
[5] Santos. B. S, Capareda. S. C, and Capunitan. J. A (2013), “Sunflower Methyl Ester as an Engine Fuel: Performance Evaluation and Emissions Analysis”, Hindawi Pub. Corp. Renewable Energy. Article ID 352024, pp. 2-4.
[6] Gerpen. V. J, Shanks. B, Pruszko. R, Clements. D, Knothe. G (2004), “Biodiesel Analytical Methods”, NREL/SR, Vol. 510, pp. 34-56.
[7] Jon Van Gerpen (2014), “Biodiesel Production and Fuel Quality”, Fuel Processing Tech. vol. 1, pp. 2-10.
[8] Cherng-Yuan Lin Keelung (2013), “Optimization of transesterification of beef tallow for biodiesel production catalyzed by solid catalysts”, Vol. 29, No. 17, pp. 197-202.
[9] Okullo A., Tibasiima N. (2017), “Process simulation of biodiesel production from jatropha curcas seed oil” American Journ. of Chem. Eng., vol. 5, pp. 56-63.
[10] Fukuda. H, Kondo. A and Noda. H (2001), “Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils”, Journ of Biosci. & Bioeng, Vol. 92, No. 5, 404-416.
[11] Singh, G., Jeyaseelan, C., Bandyopadhyay, K. K., Paul, D. 2018. Comparative analysis of biodiesel Produced by acidic transesterification of lipid extracted from oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Springer Biotech, 8 (10): 434.
[12] Mohammed A., Mohammed G. S., Nanjappa, A., Rahman, M. M., 2018. Optimization of second generation biodiesel production from Australia native stone fruit oil using response surface method. Energy reports 11 (2018), 2566.
[13] Taravus. S, Temur. H and Yartasi. A (2009), “Alkali-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Mixtures of Sunflower Oil and Beef Tallow”, Energy Fuels, Vol. 23, pp. 4112–4115.
[14] Talebian-Kiakalaieh. A, Amin. N. A. S, Zarei. A, Jaliliannosrati. H (2013), “Biodiesel Production from High Free Fatty Acid Waste Cooking Oil by Solid Acid Catalyst.” Journ. Of Applied Energy, Vol. 94, pp. 572-574.
[15] Kaushik ranjan (2014), “Biofuel Promotion in India for Transport: Exploring the Grey Areas”, Teri Policy Brief. Vol. 16, PP. I-6.
[16] Alleman. T. L, Fouts. L, Chupka. G (2013), “Quality Parameters and Chemical Analysis for Biodiesel Produced in the United States in 2011”, Book: Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide. Vol. 57662, pp. 8-21.
[17] Zhao X., Xu G., Yu Y., Yan X., Zhang B. (2013), “Optimization of transesterification of beef tallow for biodiesel production catalyzed by solid catalyst.” Transactions of the Chinese society of Agricultural Engineering. Vol. 29 no. 17 pp 196-203.
[18] Toldra-Reigh F., Mora L., Toldra F., (2020), “Trends in Biodiesel Production From Animal Far Waste”, MDPI Applied Sciences, 10, 3644.
[19] Fangrui Ma (1999), “Biodiesel fuel: The transesterification of beef tallow”, ETD collection for Uni. Nebraska- Lincoln. Vol. 70, No. 1.
[20] Aworanti. O. A, Agarry. S. E, Ajani. A. O (2012), “A Laboratory Study of the Effect of Temperature on Densities and Viscosities of Binary and Ternary Blends of Soybean Oil, Soy Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Oil”, Vol. 2, pp. 444-452.
[21] Juri A. 2011. Study of biodiesel Fuel Production through Enzymatic Methods. Ph.D. thesis, Babes-Bolayi University, Cluj-Napoca.
[22] Narowska B. E, Kulazynski M, Lukaszewicz M. (2020), “Application of Activated Carbon to obtain Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils.” MDPI journ. Catalysts, vol 10, 1049, dio: 10.3390/catal10091049.
[23] Şehmus Altun & Oner. Firat (2010), “Biodiesel Production from Inedible Animal tallow and an Experimental Investigation of Its Use as Alternative Fuel in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine”, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 86.
[24] Brown M. & Quintana R. (2006), “Creating Biodiesel and mitigating waste”, U.S. Dept. of Energy. Vol. 1, pp. 9-12.
[25] Adriana N. D, Márcia H. C, Cássia A. M. F, Sergiane S. C, Rosilene M. C, Marcelo G. M, D’Oca and Ednei G. P (2014), “Brazil Evaluation of ASTM D6584 Method for Biodiesel Ethyl Esters from Sunflower Oil and Soybean/Tallow Mixture and for Biodiesel Methyl Esters from Tung Oil and Soybean/Tung Mixture”, Journ. Braz. Chem. Soc. Vol. 25, No. 7, 1161-1165.
[26] Xu G., Cui X., Fan S. (2011), “Optimization of transesterification of beef tallow for biodiesel production”, Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Eng. Conf., pp 1-4.
[27] Canesin E. A, Oliveira C. C., Matsushita M., Dias L. F., Pedro M. R., Souza N. E. (2014). “Characterization of residual oils for biodiesel production”, Electronic journal of biotechnology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2013.12.007.
[28] Sales A. (2011), “Production of biodiesel from sunflower oil and ethanol by base catalyzed transesterification”, Int. Journ. of emerging Tech. & Adv. Eng. Journ. Vol. 4, pp. 42-44.
[29] ‘Biodiesel Guidelines.’ From the Worldwide Fuel Charter Committee. ACEA, 2009.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Hadiza Dawi, Ibrahim Muduru, Bilyaminu Abdulkadir. (2021). Evaluation of Biodiesel Produced from Blends of Sunflower Oil and Beef Tallow Through Base Catalysis. American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 7(2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Hadiza Dawi; Ibrahim Muduru; Bilyaminu Abdulkadir. Evaluation of Biodiesel Produced from Blends of Sunflower Oil and Beef Tallow Through Base Catalysis. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2021, 7(2), 23-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Hadiza Dawi, Ibrahim Muduru, Bilyaminu Abdulkadir. Evaluation of Biodiesel Produced from Blends of Sunflower Oil and Beef Tallow Through Base Catalysis. Am J Polym Sci Technol. 2021;7(2):23-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11,
      author = {Hadiza Dawi and Ibrahim Muduru and Bilyaminu Abdulkadir},
      title = {Evaluation of Biodiesel Produced from Blends of Sunflower Oil and Beef Tallow Through Base Catalysis},
      journal = {American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology},
      volume = {7},
      number = {2},
      pages = {23-28},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpst.20210702.11},
      abstract = {The inclination towards climate change and environmental pollution mitigation directs this research toward creating an alternative fuel source to fossil fuel for use in developing tropical countries. This study is designed to investigate biodiesel (alkyl esters) obtained by transesterification of blends of refined sunflower oil and beef tallow using NaOH as catalyst. Triglycerides in the oils reacted with alkanols to produce fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) and glyerols as by-product. A pretreatment process of esterification was carried out to remove excess free fatty acids (FFA). Some physical properties such as pour point, cloud point, flash point, density and kinematic viscosity were investigated for the sunflower oil/beef tallow (SO/BT) ratios. The examined physical properties of the methyl esters changed significantly as the beef tallow ratio in the mixture increased in the mixtures. The ratios of 40%SO/60%BT and 60%SO/40%BT exhibited values within standard range of biodiesel and petroleum diesel of ASTM D 6751 and EN 1424. The values of the cold-flow properties of the biodiesel ratios obtained are of convenience for use in tropical regions rather than polar regions.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation of Biodiesel Produced from Blends of Sunflower Oil and Beef Tallow Through Base Catalysis
    AU  - Hadiza Dawi
    AU  - Ibrahim Muduru
    AU  - Bilyaminu Abdulkadir
    Y1  - 2021/07/15
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11
    T2  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
    JF  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
    JO  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
    SP  - 23
    EP  - 28
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5986
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.11
    AB  - The inclination towards climate change and environmental pollution mitigation directs this research toward creating an alternative fuel source to fossil fuel for use in developing tropical countries. This study is designed to investigate biodiesel (alkyl esters) obtained by transesterification of blends of refined sunflower oil and beef tallow using NaOH as catalyst. Triglycerides in the oils reacted with alkanols to produce fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) and glyerols as by-product. A pretreatment process of esterification was carried out to remove excess free fatty acids (FFA). Some physical properties such as pour point, cloud point, flash point, density and kinematic viscosity were investigated for the sunflower oil/beef tallow (SO/BT) ratios. The examined physical properties of the methyl esters changed significantly as the beef tallow ratio in the mixture increased in the mixtures. The ratios of 40%SO/60%BT and 60%SO/40%BT exhibited values within standard range of biodiesel and petroleum diesel of ASTM D 6751 and EN 1424. The values of the cold-flow properties of the biodiesel ratios obtained are of convenience for use in tropical regions rather than polar regions.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria

  • Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria

  • Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria

  • Sections