| Peer-Reviewed

The Expanding Universe Without Big-Bang

Received: 19 June 2015     Accepted: 10 July 2015     Published: 21 June 2016
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Hypothesis without big-bang is analyzing Dark-matter, Dark-energy and reveals the way it occurs and how expansion is happening. Gravity–field is a Rest field, composed of two opposite signed elements (+s²), (-s²) consisting the minimum energy Quanta Spinning Space dipole, and jointed by the Gravity-force, which is the Maxwell`s - Gravity`s Displacement current and acting on any other moving or not particle. Because Dark-matter (±cs²), moves with constant light velocity, c, and is composed of two opposite signed elements (+cs²), (-cs²) and Dark-energy as Thrust moves with light velocity , so is continually effecting on the two fragments separately and on their dipole , the Dark-matter dipole is jointed by Gravity–force , formulating  Heap Mixture , of the spherical opposite signed elements highlighting , and the dipole  massive , heavy, invisible Dark matter, consisting dipole energy blobby volumes as Dark Fringes , and repel . The definitions for Quanta of Space and Energy have been elucidated. DM and DE move with light velocity so dilation and expansion have a parallel motion. Expansion occurs on the DM-DE Heap Mixture, by rolling on Gravity-field, with the maximum constant velocity, c, formulating, Zero → Discrete → Infinite Geometrical Universe. Philosophy was the first instrument of understanding world, which was evolute to geometry, math and physics. Euclid’s elements consist a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, proving many other propositions. Projective, Hyperbolic and Elliptic geometry is proved to be an Extrema in Euclidean geometry where on them Einstein's theory GR [A theory which has not elucidated the base of its Physical-content and adopted the wrong base of Non-Euclid geometries] is implicated and calls a circle segment as line and the spherical disk as plane in physical space. In  Space-Energy geometry  agrees with the Physical reality , on unit which is The Electromagnetic field of the Quantized on AB Energy Space Vector, on the contrary to General relativity of Space-time which is based on the rays of the non-Euclidean geometries to the limited velocity of  light and Planck`s cavity . Euclidean geometry elucidated the definitions of geometry-content, and describes the Space-Energy beyond Plank´s length level [Gravity Length 3,969.10 ̄ 62 m], reaching Point = =  m = 0 m, which is nothing and zero space. Quantization of Energy is done in Space-tanks, on material points, tiny volumes and on points consisting the Equilibrium Opposite Twin of Space Anti-space.

Published in American Journal of Physics and Applications (Volume 3, Issue 6-1)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Physics Quantum

DOI 10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12
Page(s) 6-32
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Expanding Universe

References
[1] Matrix Structure of Analysis by J.L.MEEK library of Congress Catalog 1971.
[2] Der Zweck im Rect by Rudolf V. Jhering 1935.
[3] The great text of J. L. Heisenberg (1883-1886) and the English translation by Richard Fitzpatrick.
[4] Elements Book 1.
[5] Wikipedia.org, the free Encyclopedia.
[6] Greek Mathematics, Sir Thomas L.Heath – Dover Publications, Inc, New York. 63-3571.
[7] [T] Theory of Vibrations by William T. Thomson (Fourth edition).
[8] A Simplified Approach of Squaring the circle, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/33887739
[9] The Parallel Postulate is depended on the other axioms, http://vixra.org/abs/1103.0042
[10] Measuring Regular Polygons and Heptagon in a circle, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/33887268
[11] The Trisection of any angle, http://vixra.org/abs/1103.0119
[12] The Euclidean philosophy of Universe, http://vixra.org/abs/1103.0043
[13] Universe originated not with BIG BANG, http://www.vixra.org/pdf/1310.0146v1.pdf
[14] Complex numbers Quantum mechanics spring from Euclidean Universe, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/57533734
[15] Zeno`s Paradox, nature of points in quantized Euclidean geometry, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/59304295
[16] The decreasing tunnel, by Pr. Florentine Smarandashe, http://vixra.org/abs/111201.0047
[17] The Six-Triple concurrency line – points, http://vixra.org/abs/1203.0006
[18] Energy laws follow Euclidean Moulds, http://vixra.org/abs/1203.006
[19] Higgs particle and Euclidean geometry, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/105109978
[20] Higgs Boson and Euclidean geometry, http://vixra.org/abs/1209.0081
[21] The outside relativity space – energy universe, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/223253928
[22] Quantization of Points and of Energy, http://www.vixra.org/pdf/1303.015v21.pdf
[23] Quantization of Points with and Energy on Dipole Vectors and on Spin, http://www.vixra.org/abs/1303.0152
[24] Quaternion`s, Spaces and the Parallel Postulate, http://www.vixra.org/abs/1310.0146
[25] Gravity as the Intrinsic Vorticity of Points, http://www.vixra.org/abs/1401.0062
[26] The Beyond Gravity Forced fields, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/203167317
[27] The Wave nature of the geometry dipole, http://www.vixra.org/abs/1404.0023
[28] The Outside Relativity Space – Energy Universe, http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/223253928
[29] Planks Length as Geometrical Exponential of Spaces, http://www.vixra.org/abs/1406.0063
[30] Universe is built only from Geometry Dipole, Scribd: http://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/122970530
[31] Gravity and Planck`s Length as the Exponential Geometry Base of Spaces, http://vixra.org/abs/1406.0063
[32] The Parallel Postulate and Spaces ( IN SciEP )
[33] The Origin of the fundamental particles in Planck`s Confinement. On Scribd & Vixra ( FUNDAPAR.doc)
[34] The fundamental particles of Planck`s Confinement. www.ijesi.com (IJPST14-082601)
[35] The origin of The fundamental particles www.ethanpublishing.com(IJPST-E140620-01)
[36] The nature of fundamental particles, (Fundapa.doc).www.ijesit.com–Paper ID:IJESIT ID: 1491
[37] The Energy-Space Universe and Relativity IJISM, www.ijism.org – Paper ID: IJISM – 294
[38] The Parallel Postulate, the other four and Relativity (American Journal of modern Physics, Science PG - Publication group USA), 1800978 paper.
[39] Space-time OR Space-energy universe (American Journal of modern Physics, science PG – Publication group USA ), 1221001 paper
[40] The Origin of, Maxwell`s-Gravity`s, Displacement current. GJSFR (Journalofscience.org), Volume 15-A, Issue 3, Version 1.0
[41] Young`s double slit experiment [Vixra: 1505.0105] Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/doc/265195121/
[42] The Creation Hypothesis of Nature without Big-Bang. http:Vixra.org/abs/1506.0054.v1Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/doc/267917624/
[43] The Expanding Universe without Big-Bang. (American Journal of modern Physics, science PG – Publication group USA ), 622012001 paper
[44] [M] The origin of Black-holes and Black-matter.
[45] [M] The origin of Maxwell`s Postulates.
[46] [M] The Quantization of Points and Potential and the unification of Space and Energy with the universal principle of Virtual work, on Geometry Primary dipole. by Markos Georgallides.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Markos Georgallides. (2016). The Expanding Universe Without Big-Bang. American Journal of Physics and Applications, 3(6-1), 6-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Markos Georgallides. The Expanding Universe Without Big-Bang. Am. J. Phys. Appl. 2016, 3(6-1), 6-32. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Markos Georgallides. The Expanding Universe Without Big-Bang. Am J Phys Appl. 2016;3(6-1):6-32. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12,
      author = {Markos Georgallides},
      title = {The Expanding Universe Without Big-Bang},
      journal = {American Journal of Physics and Applications},
      volume = {3},
      number = {6-1},
      pages = {6-32},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12},
      abstract = {Hypothesis without big-bang is analyzing Dark-matter, Dark-energy and reveals the way it occurs and how expansion is happening. Gravity–field is a Rest field, composed of two opposite signed elements (+s²), (-s²) consisting the minimum energy Quanta Spinning Space dipole, and jointed by the Gravity-force, which is the Maxwell`s - Gravity`s Displacement current and acting on any other moving or not particle. Because Dark-matter (±cs²), moves with constant light velocity, c, and is composed of two opposite signed elements (+cs²), (-cs²) and Dark-energy  as Thrust moves with light velocity , so is continually effecting on the two fragments separately and on their dipole , the Dark-matter dipole is jointed by Gravity–force , formulating  Heap Mixture , of the spherical opposite signed elements highlighting , and the dipole  massive , heavy, invisible Dark matter, consisting dipole energy blobby volumes as Dark Fringes , and repel . The definitions for Quanta of Space and Energy have been elucidated. DM and DE move with light velocity so dilation and expansion have a parallel motion. Expansion occurs on the DM-DE Heap Mixture, by rolling on Gravity-field, with the maximum constant velocity, c, formulating, Zero → Discrete → Infinite Geometrical Universe. Philosophy was the first instrument of understanding world, which was evolute to geometry, math and physics. Euclid’s elements consist a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, proving many other propositions. Projective, Hyperbolic and Elliptic geometry is proved to be an Extrema in Euclidean geometry where on them Einstein's theory GR [A theory which has not elucidated the base of its Physical-content and adopted the wrong base of Non-Euclid geometries] is implicated and calls a circle segment as line and the spherical disk as plane in physical space. In  Space-Energy geometry  agrees with the Physical reality , on unit which is The Electromagnetic field of the Quantized on AB Energy Space Vector, on the contrary to General relativity of Space-time which is based on the rays of the non-Euclidean geometries to the limited velocity of  light and Planck`s cavity . Euclidean geometry elucidated the definitions of geometry-content, and describes the Space-Energy beyond Plank´s length level [Gravity Length 3,969.10 ̄ 62 m], reaching Point = =  m = 0 m, which is nothing and zero space. Quantization of Energy is done in Space-tanks, on material points, tiny volumes and on points consisting the Equilibrium Opposite Twin of Space Anti-space.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - The Expanding Universe Without Big-Bang
    AU  - Markos Georgallides
    Y1  - 2016/06/21
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12
    T2  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
    JF  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
    JO  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
    SP  - 6
    EP  - 32
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-4308
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.s.2015030601.12
    AB  - Hypothesis without big-bang is analyzing Dark-matter, Dark-energy and reveals the way it occurs and how expansion is happening. Gravity–field is a Rest field, composed of two opposite signed elements (+s²), (-s²) consisting the minimum energy Quanta Spinning Space dipole, and jointed by the Gravity-force, which is the Maxwell`s - Gravity`s Displacement current and acting on any other moving or not particle. Because Dark-matter (±cs²), moves with constant light velocity, c, and is composed of two opposite signed elements (+cs²), (-cs²) and Dark-energy  as Thrust moves with light velocity , so is continually effecting on the two fragments separately and on their dipole , the Dark-matter dipole is jointed by Gravity–force , formulating  Heap Mixture , of the spherical opposite signed elements highlighting , and the dipole  massive , heavy, invisible Dark matter, consisting dipole energy blobby volumes as Dark Fringes , and repel . The definitions for Quanta of Space and Energy have been elucidated. DM and DE move with light velocity so dilation and expansion have a parallel motion. Expansion occurs on the DM-DE Heap Mixture, by rolling on Gravity-field, with the maximum constant velocity, c, formulating, Zero → Discrete → Infinite Geometrical Universe. Philosophy was the first instrument of understanding world, which was evolute to geometry, math and physics. Euclid’s elements consist a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, proving many other propositions. Projective, Hyperbolic and Elliptic geometry is proved to be an Extrema in Euclidean geometry where on them Einstein's theory GR [A theory which has not elucidated the base of its Physical-content and adopted the wrong base of Non-Euclid geometries] is implicated and calls a circle segment as line and the spherical disk as plane in physical space. In  Space-Energy geometry  agrees with the Physical reality , on unit which is The Electromagnetic field of the Quantized on AB Energy Space Vector, on the contrary to General relativity of Space-time which is based on the rays of the non-Euclidean geometries to the limited velocity of  light and Planck`s cavity . Euclidean geometry elucidated the definitions of geometry-content, and describes the Space-Energy beyond Plank´s length level [Gravity Length 3,969.10 ̄ 62 m], reaching Point = =  m = 0 m, which is nothing and zero space. Quantization of Energy is done in Space-tanks, on material points, tiny volumes and on points consisting the Equilibrium Opposite Twin of Space Anti-space.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 6-1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Larnaca, Cyprus Civil-Structural Engineer (NATUA), Athens, Greece

  • Sections