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Renal Vein Thrombosis in Extremly Low Birth Weight Preterm Neonate & Utility of Bed Side Renal Doppler in NICU

Received: 28 June 2022     Accepted: 1 September 2022     Published: 15 December 2022
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Abstract

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is though common form of thromboembolism in neonates yet uncommon in extremely low birth weight pre-term neonates. Neonatal thromboembolism is more commonly associated with central venous catheter but we present a case report of an extremely low birth weight preterm with left side RVT which was not associated with central venous catheter and diagnosed by using bedside point of care renal ultrasound in the NICU. Though the incidence of RVT in adults and children is very low in Asian countries, its incidence, risk factors and finale outcome in neonatal RVT may be different from other countries. Acquired as well as genetic risk factors are significantly contributes in thromboembolism in neonate and central venous lines are one of the most common acquired risk factor. However mortality rate associated with renal vein thrombosis is less than other forms of thrombosis in neonate but there is significant degree of short term as well as long term sequelae. Initiation of thrombus formation may be triggered by vascular trauma, decreased vascular blood flow, increased viscosity of blood, thrombophilia or hyper osmolality. The classical triad for the renal vein thrombosis includes thrombocytopenia, hematuria along with unilateral or bilateral mass in flank. We recognised the pitfalls in managing RVT in preterm neonates. RVT, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis while managing a preterm with hematuria or sepsis. Renal venography is the gold standard test for diagnosis of RVT however bedside renal ultrasound is very useful & prompt in diagnosing & monitoring doppler flow in renal vessels in RVT in neonates. There are no evidence based clear guidelines for management of the disease.

Published in American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23
Page(s) 267-270
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Renal Vein Thrombosis, Extremely Low Birth Weight, Pre-term Neonate, Bedside Renal Ultrasound

References
[1] Motta, M. Neonatal renal venous and arterial thrombosis. Ital J Pediatr 41 (Suppl 1), A24 (2015).
[2] Barbara Schmidt, Maureen Andrew; Neonatal Thrombosis: Report of a Prospective Canadian and International Registry. Pediatrics November 1995; 96 (5): 939–943. 10.1542/peds.96.5.939.
[3] Bhat R, Kumar R, Kwon S, et al.: Risk Factors for Neonatal Venous and Arterial Thromboembolism in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit-A Case Control Study. J Pediatr. 2018; 195: 28–32. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.015.
[4] Lambert I, Tarima S, Uhing M, et al.: Risk Factors Linked to Central Catheter-Associated Thrombosis in Critically Ill Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Am J Perinatol. 2019; 36 (3): 291–295. 10.1055/s-0038-1667377.
[5] Dubbink-Verheij GH, Pelsma ICM, van Ommen CH, et al.: Femoral Vein Catheter is an Important Risk Factor for Catheter-related Thrombosis in (Near-) term Neonates. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018; 40 (2): e64–e68. 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000978.
[6] Moudgil A. Renal venous thrombosis in neonates. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2014; 10 (2): 101-6. doi: 10.2174/157339631002140513101845. PMID: 25088263.
[7] van Ommen CH, Heijboer H, Büller HR, Hirasing RA, Heijmans HS, Peters M. Venous thromboembolism in childhood: a prospective two-year registry in The Netherlands. J Pediatr. 2001; 139 (5): 676-681.
[8] Massicotte MP, Dix D, Monagle P, Adams M, Andrew M. Central venous catheter related thrombosis in children: analysis of the Canadian Registry of Venous Thromboembolic Complications. J Pediatr. 1998; 133 (6): 770-776.
[9] Unal S, Gönülal D, Siyah Bilgin B, et al.: Experience and Prognosis of Systemic Neonatal Thrombosis at a Level III NICU. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018; 40 (7): e410–e414. 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001218.
[10] El-Naggar W, Yoon EW, McMillan D, et al.: Epidemiology of thrombosis in Canadian neonatal intensive care units. J Perinatol. 2020; 40 (7): 1083–1090. 10.1038/s41372-020-0678-1.
[11] Kayemba-Kay's S. Spontaneous neonatal renal vein thrombosis, a known pathology without clear management guidelines: An overview. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2020 Mar; 7 (1): 31-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2019.07.001. Epub 2019 Jul 3. PMID: 32373700; PMCID: PMC7193072.
[12] Monagle P, Chan AK, Goldenberg NA, Ichord RN, Journeycake JM, NowakGöttl U, Vesely SK: Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012, 141 (2 Suppl): e737S-801S.
[13] Paul Monagle, Fiona Newall; Management of thrombosis in children and neonates: practical use of anticoagulants in children. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2018; 2018 (1): 399–404.
[14] Goldenberg NA, Abshire T, Blatchford PJ, et al; Kids-DOTT Trial Investigators. Multicenter randomized controlled trial on Duration of Therapy for Thrombosis in Children and Young Adults (the Kids-DOTT trial): pilot/feasibility phase findings. J Thromb Haemost. 2015; 13 (9): 1597-1605.
[15] Schmidt B, Andrew M. Neonatal thrombosis: report of a prospective Canadian and international registry. Pediatrics. 1995 Nov; 96 (5 Pt 1): 939-43. PMID: 7478839.
[16] Kraft JK, Brandão LR, Navarro OM: Sonography of renal venous thrombosis in neonates and infants: can we predict outcome? PediatrRadiol 2011, 41: 299-307.
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  • APA Style

    Prakash C. Vaghela, Chirag Gabani, Hiral D. Mangukiya, Jatin Rajyaguru. (2022). Renal Vein Thrombosis in Extremly Low Birth Weight Preterm Neonate & Utility of Bed Side Renal Doppler in NICU. American Journal of Pediatrics, 8(4), 267-270. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23

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    ACS Style

    Prakash C. Vaghela; Chirag Gabani; Hiral D. Mangukiya; Jatin Rajyaguru. Renal Vein Thrombosis in Extremly Low Birth Weight Preterm Neonate & Utility of Bed Side Renal Doppler in NICU. Am. J. Pediatr. 2022, 8(4), 267-270. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23

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    AMA Style

    Prakash C. Vaghela, Chirag Gabani, Hiral D. Mangukiya, Jatin Rajyaguru. Renal Vein Thrombosis in Extremly Low Birth Weight Preterm Neonate & Utility of Bed Side Renal Doppler in NICU. Am J Pediatr. 2022;8(4):267-270. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23,
      author = {Prakash C. Vaghela and Chirag Gabani and Hiral D. Mangukiya and Jatin Rajyaguru},
      title = {Renal Vein Thrombosis in Extremly Low Birth Weight Preterm Neonate & Utility of Bed Side Renal Doppler in NICU},
      journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
      volume = {8},
      number = {4},
      pages = {267-270},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20220804.23},
      abstract = {Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is though common form of thromboembolism in neonates yet uncommon in extremely low birth weight pre-term neonates. Neonatal thromboembolism is more commonly associated with central venous catheter but we present a case report of an extremely low birth weight preterm with left side RVT which was not associated with central venous catheter and diagnosed by using bedside point of care renal ultrasound in the NICU. Though the incidence of RVT in adults and children is very low in Asian countries, its incidence, risk factors and finale outcome in neonatal RVT may be different from other countries. Acquired as well as genetic risk factors are significantly contributes in thromboembolism in neonate and central venous lines are one of the most common acquired risk factor. However mortality rate associated with renal vein thrombosis is less than other forms of thrombosis in neonate but there is significant degree of short term as well as long term sequelae. Initiation of thrombus formation may be triggered by vascular trauma, decreased vascular blood flow, increased viscosity of blood, thrombophilia or hyper osmolality. The classical triad for the renal vein thrombosis includes thrombocytopenia, hematuria along with unilateral or bilateral mass in flank. We recognised the pitfalls in managing RVT in preterm neonates. RVT, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis while managing a preterm with hematuria or sepsis. Renal venography is the gold standard test for diagnosis of RVT however bedside renal ultrasound is very useful & prompt in diagnosing & monitoring doppler flow in renal vessels in RVT in neonates. There are no evidence based clear guidelines for management of the disease.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Renal Vein Thrombosis in Extremly Low Birth Weight Preterm Neonate & Utility of Bed Side Renal Doppler in NICU
    AU  - Prakash C. Vaghela
    AU  - Chirag Gabani
    AU  - Hiral D. Mangukiya
    AU  - Jatin Rajyaguru
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23
    T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
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    EP  - 270
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-0909
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20220804.23
    AB  - Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is though common form of thromboembolism in neonates yet uncommon in extremely low birth weight pre-term neonates. Neonatal thromboembolism is more commonly associated with central venous catheter but we present a case report of an extremely low birth weight preterm with left side RVT which was not associated with central venous catheter and diagnosed by using bedside point of care renal ultrasound in the NICU. Though the incidence of RVT in adults and children is very low in Asian countries, its incidence, risk factors and finale outcome in neonatal RVT may be different from other countries. Acquired as well as genetic risk factors are significantly contributes in thromboembolism in neonate and central venous lines are one of the most common acquired risk factor. However mortality rate associated with renal vein thrombosis is less than other forms of thrombosis in neonate but there is significant degree of short term as well as long term sequelae. Initiation of thrombus formation may be triggered by vascular trauma, decreased vascular blood flow, increased viscosity of blood, thrombophilia or hyper osmolality. The classical triad for the renal vein thrombosis includes thrombocytopenia, hematuria along with unilateral or bilateral mass in flank. We recognised the pitfalls in managing RVT in preterm neonates. RVT, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis while managing a preterm with hematuria or sepsis. Renal venography is the gold standard test for diagnosis of RVT however bedside renal ultrasound is very useful & prompt in diagnosing & monitoring doppler flow in renal vessels in RVT in neonates. There are no evidence based clear guidelines for management of the disease.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neonatology, Nice Children Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

  • Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neonatology, Nice Children Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

  • Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neonatology, Nice Children Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

  • Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neonatology, Nice Children Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

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